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Thank you Latexman and thorium1. I will stipulate to the suppliers that there is a lack of data, but I will give them the data we have available. If they require more data, we will need to set up a sampling and testing program until enough data is available.

Industrial wastewater treatment plant. The effluent needs to be treated, but very little data is available.

I have a mean value for conductivity, and a minimum and maximum value, but I only have ten data points. I am specifying conductivity limits to a water treatment technology supplier. I am not confident that one can supply limits based on ten data points. How is this usually done in practice when...

I need to specify parameter limits to a water treatment plant supplier, but I only have ten data points. How is this usually approached? Do I double the mean of my data set, or do I specify that the design should be to accommodate the mean plus three standard deviations from the mean?

Thank you so much. I know there should be a lot more H+ ions in the water than reported by the lab, so I will look into it. As a rough estimate, is it accurate to calculate the H+ ions from the pH of the wastewater?

At university we were taught that all the ions will balance, which was further reinforced by your post (post number 5). However, when dealing with real samples, I have not had much luck. I even have the "acidity as H+" values, and even with this, the balance doesn't work out. Thanks anyway. I...

bimr, the water I am dealing with is wastewater, with a multitude of cations, and only a few anions. However, it seems like I have more anion meq/l in my balance. Does your statement about free mineral acidity apply to wastewater as well? Would the lab simply analyse for H+ ions?

Thank you for the explanation. It makes sense, but I took the approach of converting all cation and anion concentrations to milliequivalents per litre (meq/l). I ended up with a significantly greater millieqivalent value for anions, and hence my values do not balance (the difference is supposed...

Hi I have been struggling to balance ions in a solution with multiple cations and anions and a pH of 2. I have heard that at low pH values that this is expected, i.e. that the ion balance will not necessarily work at very low pH. Is there anyone with water chemistry experience that could...