Now we're getting somewhere. Do we really need to connect the rest of the dots for you. Here, I'll get you started. Increased temperatures increase evaporation from the land and the oceans. You do know how the water cycle operates, right? Apply some engineering analysis; you'll get there.
For the rectangular column, lambda rc would be calculated using longitudinal skin reinforcement and the distance from the vertical bars being developed to the side face.
For the column bars closest to the side faces, you can reduce the development length using lambda er (excess reinforcement adjustment). The rest of the bars will have cb (Eq. 5.10.8.2.1-2) large enough that the ktr (transverse reinforcement index) doesn't matter - lambda rc will be at the...
Not sure about how to interpret 'the letter' of the spec, but considering that the confinement factor is based on a concrete splitting failure, and the bars that are highly stressed in tension are the ones near the center of the cap width, where they have plenty of concrete cover and splitting...
Who's pretty good at what? The lawyers good at suing states and making money off the taxpayers? Yeah, it seems they are, at least they have been so far.
S for a composite section is more accurately calculated as the summation of Io + Ad^2 for the component sections, in the same way as you'd calculate the section modulus for other built-up shapes, except for transforming the concrete to an equivalent area of steel by dividing the width of the...
If the slab is supposed to be continuous over the beam, and designed to carry negative moment, without a lot of care in placing the concrete, it will be difficult to count on the effective depth to the bottom of the slab. There may be voids in the concrete under the flanges, so you may be...
This makes sense, since it is temperature differential that primarily drives hurricane formation and strengthening, not overall increases in temperature.
A temperature graph (especially without a source given (are the temps from terrestrial sources or satellites?), proves nothing in regard to your assertion about storms:
Where's your evidence for that? Do you have supporting scientific documentation that excludes the effect of substantially...
Other than the shear on the anchor bolts, the torsion can likely be ignored as a negligible loading. If you want to check it, you can apply it as a moment on the tab producing tension on one side of the tab (say the left side) and compression on the other side (the right side), and check it as a...
We are currently working on a performance-based specification for spray-on deck membranes, but it is still in development. Right now we have 3 preapproved products:
Bridge Deck Membrane, as manufactured by Bridge Preservation LLC, Kansas City, Kansas;
Deckguard® Spray-Applied Waterproofing...
When we've done this our bump-outs are significantly bigger, and I wasn't directly involved, so I don't know if there were any calculations done. The wind loads on a light pole are relatively small.
That said, if you want to check the support, I would think you'd apply the moment at the base...
I agree with that. I believe there's wording in the guide spec that makes it clear the loading specified no longer applies once the deck forms are in place.
There may not be a consensus, but I've used the loading for 75 mph wind speed during the deck placement. It seems plenty conservative, considering our upper limit on wind speed for proper curing of the concrete is 25 mph. Anything over that, the surface dries too quickly for it to cure. If winds...
In the hand tight condition, they would theoretically have the same shear/bearing capacity as snug tight.
However, depending on the amount of deflection/rotation, the there could still be loading at the splices, if the bolts bear against the sides of the holes.
Another thing to consider is...
