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UcfSE, May I know what is PCA stand for. I think ACI 318 is American Code, right? When u mentioned it is a note, could you please tell which chapter or sections or pages, so I may find a copy from library in Australia. Thanks alot.

How can I determine the N.A (neutral axis)of a rectanular column with bars in all 4 faces? It is different from beam, I cannot set C = T to evaluate the N.A, there is axial force, unlike beam? In addition, since there is axial force n bending, do I just refer to N.A or the plastic centroid still...

Thanks apsix. I still have problem to understand how the initial induced tensile stress by shrinkage can help to reduce cracking moment? Doesn't it help to increase cracking moment since the bottom fibre of concrete is in tension due to bending and there is tensile stress initially produced by...

I now understand the term tension stiffening. But, how does tension stiffening reduce cracking moment?

When there is steel (bottom layer) in a concrete beam,the steel is in compression while the concrete in tension when the section shrink. So, how does it form tension stiffening in the beam when cracks start? How does tension stiffening help to reduce cracking moment? Thank you for your help!