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Thank You all for your prompt responses. What if the temperature difference be about 25 degrees over a period of 24 hours. Also, if top flange of W10 by 40 steel beam is exposed to sun and bottom flange not, is it going to make any difference. Please advise

I am a Geotechnical Engineer and need some guidance. A 40 foot long steel beam (415) is fixed at one end and other end is simply supported. Will there be any deflection (vertical) in the beam due to change in temperature. The beam is allowed to move at one end. I have a dial gauge with precision...

Lets say concrete for rigid pavement!

As we know, concrete is typically designed with 4 to 8 percent entrained air. What is the minimum percent of entrained air concrete should have in regions specifically southern states where concrete does not experience freeze-thaw cycles? Thanks

Can you surchrage this area? Also, you can monitor the settlement using 2’ x 2’ x ½” steel plates. Thanks