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I don't know more about shell structures, but i want to mention about Limit State Desing and RC structures.I think LSD method is the best for Rc structures. Because you don't have to calculate some stress values in the material which is not very homegenous compared with many other structural...

If your spans are more or less of same length and the loads on the adjacent spans (right and left of the column of the interest) are more or less the same you can assume it pin connected in the vertical loads point of view.But if the above condition is not the case, it depends the rotational...

MSfire, don't you think it may create problems regarding earthquakes to have a masonry wall which is not supported by a beam at the bottom along its length?[surprise] umitk2211

I want to ask all that replied this thread and other experienced engineers.How many samples do you take?,i think only one sample will not give a representative result.And i wonder what you do when the test results are bad-especially the strength test-,do you break down the partially set...

waseem19, if the slab is supported at its ends,then load transmission to the soil below is possible in two ways: 1)Deformation of the dense material that works like a column.Degree of the deformation determines the load transmitted.Failure of this dense material will cause the all load to be...

may be i am late,but i wanted to share my opinion.In any case the load above the pipe will be caried by the pipe itself unless the slab is supported by the sides,or by the soil at the bottom of the trench.Slab will help us by distributing the load a respectively larger area. regards umitk2211