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  1. Klikoos

    Extreme Z-values for use in normal distribution

    Hi all, I did some calculations using the normal distribution curve and Z tables. Normally these calculation use Z-values between -3 and 3. Are these calculations still reliable/applicable beyond a 99.9% confidence interval? Cheers, Alex
  2. Klikoos

    How much does aluminium expand when oxidizing?

    I did a calculation with moles and densities which does give a 31% increase in volume when it oxides but still a long way from the 27x that we observed.
  3. Klikoos

    How much does aluminium expand when oxidizing?

    Hello everyone, I was wondering how much certain metals or more specifically aluminum expand when they oxidize. On site we encountered a large pit on a submerged aluminum pipe. The pit was about 7.06 cm^3 in volume (if you were to approximated the volume as a hemisphere), after removing the...
  4. Klikoos

    force dispersion on a flat plate

    @JStephen Sorry, meant to say reinforcement dunno why I just typed force haha. Thanks for the help everyone.
  5. Klikoos

    force dispersion on a flat plate

    Hello everyone, I was wondering if someone could give me insight in how for example, a force plate disperses a point load at its centre that is perpendicular to its surface. Multiple factors come into play like stiffness, thickness, strain but so far I cannot find literature that goes into...
  6. Klikoos

    Using wind as an external pressure?

    Hi all, When considering buckling as a failure mode due to wind, I was wondering if you could approximate windward wind(pressure) as an external pressure? I know wind should be seen a bending force but I am curious if setting them equal makes sense for the primary membrane stress or would just...
  7. Klikoos

    Quantitative leak testing with tracer gas probes

    The anticipated leakage from the door is somewhere around 2.25*10^-7 Pa*m^3*s^-1. From the research I just did I assume that He is the better option.
  8. Klikoos

    Quantitative leak testing with tracer gas probes

    Dear all, I am hoping someone can point me towards the right direction when it comes to selecting a tracer gas and probes to determine the leakage rate along the seal of a large opening. The opening is roughly 16 ft by 16 ft and due to the awkward shape it is next to impossible impossible to...
  9. Klikoos

    Secondary bending stress at nozzles (pressure vessel design manual)

    I am sure many of you are familiar with the Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss. In the design manual there is mention of a secondary bending stress along the hard axis on the nozzle. However, could somebody elaborate how a bending stress arises and in what direction this stress is...
  10. Klikoos

    Sample size ultrasonic testing

    Hello everyone, The company I work for has a containment vessel with an area of roughly 25.000 ft^2 (or 2300 m^2). Right now they do 4 spots per plate which seems a bit excessive to me. Would the formula; "margin of error = standard deviation divided by the root of the number of measurements"...
  11. Klikoos

    AISC unity check for legs

    Thank you very much Steel PE, I looked into the 9th edition of AISC and it turns out it's formula H1-1 in 3-9 with different symbols
  12. Klikoos

    AISC unity check for legs

    Hello everyone, I am calculating legs for storage vessel and I came across the following formula; Sc = (Sma/Sa) + (0.85*S)/((1-Sma/Spex)*Sb) I know the following... Sc = Unity check Sma = axial compression Sa = allowable axial compression S = bending stress Sb = allowable bending stress Can...
  13. Klikoos

    requirements for internal heating/cooling coils

    Hello everyone, I would like to verify whether or not any design rules apply to internal heating coils in ASME VIII division 1 or division 2. I read that they are exempt from minimum wall thickness and generally just require good engineering judgement (e.g. for thermal stress, flowrate...
  14. Klikoos

    Difference betwen ASME VIII div 1 and 2

    Generally speaking Division 1 is more conservative than division 2. If you would have vessel that barely passes division 2 due to pressure it will probably be rejected by division 1.
  15. Klikoos

    ASME VIII-2 Design by Rule vs Design by Analysis with nozzles

    Hello everyone, "4.5.2.1 Nozzles shall be circular, elliptical, or of any other shape which results from the intersection of a circular or elliptical cylinder with vessels of the shapes for which design equations are provided in paragraphs 4.3 and 4.4. The design rules in this paragraph shall...
  16. Klikoos

    Evaluating a distorted torispherical head

    Thank you TGS4, I overlooked 4.4.4.4
  17. Klikoos

    Evaluating a distorted torispherical head

    Hello everyone, I am using ASME VIII-2 and I would like your opinion about dealing with a distorted torispherical head (you can actually see a section of it bulging. I have looked at section 5 "design by analysis requirements". I am convinced it is save to do a hydro test and then divide by...
  18. Klikoos

    Interpreting 2004 Division 1 UG-45 Nozzle thickness

    Hello fellow engineers, I am pretty new to the field of pressure vessels and have to use the 2004 version for an older boiler. I have difficulty interpreting the following bit from the 2004 ASME Div.1 UG-45(b)(1) for vessels under internal pressure only, the thickness (plus corrosion...

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