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EireChch Thanks for your reply As many correlations has been carried in Geotechnical Engineering, is there are books or established publication on various kind of rock's ka and cohesion values? Where can I find them?

Thanks for the comments. I read some geotech Investigation report. Some stated to take Ka = 0.25 in weathered rock and 0.15 in higher strength rock. but Geotech Investigation report would recommend friction and cohesion values. So L am totally confused as which to take. the lateral pressure...

Case 2

In using Wallap, the input required is material friction angle and cohesion. When the soldiers are in rock, It is appropriate to use rock's ka and c in rock to determine the lateral pressure? Where can I find the ka and c values? Some GI reports do not give any indication. Some will recommend to...

Hi Just wanted to know what is the difference when using American and the British Standards in the Ground anchor Load tests. The americans use performance, production and proof load method whereas the British uses investigation, suitability and proof load tests. Which method for better...

Hi Can ETAB Software in 3D, 2D frame design or non-orthogonal frame analysis? How does it compare to SAP or STAAD Software?

Steven49 For 3 sec gust, the wind velocity is higher than 10 min wind velocity in Eurocode by a factor of 1.5 to 3 depending on the region. I do not know much about turbulence being added as it will dig into the environment condition. But I think they added a partial load factor to the wind for...

It is realistic to consider 3 sec gust wind load in Aust Standards to check the overturning failure of a tower crane? Does it means a wind exceed the speed acting for 3 sec or a few second longer will topple a tall structure? Whereas the Eurocode is using 10 min wind speed to topple a s tall...

But some builders are not specialist and for a small job, they want to backfill fast to create a platform to carry out his building work. How to advise the builder when or what equipment to use?

Thanks for the info. The design load on top of the culvert is 43kpa or 6.2 psi. But the hand operated compactors are compacting at 7 to 18 psi. It means for the first layer, the hand compactors may damaged the culvert slab below as it can take 6.2 psi. The builder may like to go for a quicker...

Thanks for the contribution. I am more focus on the hanging ties and the top rebar rather than strut and tie throughout the beam. In most conventional secondary beam is sitting on the girder acting on the top and bottom rebar together, hanging ties are not required. But as in this case, since...

Hi What I mean is the compaction of the back fill to the top of culvert. It happen that the culvert is directly under a road 1.8m below for 150mm in length. Structurally the culvert is designed for 1.8m backill and driveway traffic load. But during backfill, the builder may use a heavy roller...

Hi Is a thought provoking question on hanger bars. If there is a bottom load acting on a RC beam, hanging ties must be provided and tie to the top bar to support the load. Please see sketch in Case 1. In case 2, what happen if there is a step and causes discontinuity in the top bar? Must...

Hi Just a question about compaction on top of culvert. After completion of a precast box culvert, how is the soil on top of the box culvert going to be compacted? If the vibrating roller is too heavy, the compactive force may break the top slab if the soil layer is too thin. Is there a...

BridgeSmith If the shaft or pier is extended into the piles, the restraint will be at the top of the shaft. There is no restraint at the ground level. Further how do we have proper continuity ie connection. Sometimes the shaft rebars are more than pile as the area could be smaller. Further at...

There are a few questions to raise 1. I have seen foundation drawings showing the pile caps are unrestrained ie there is no tie beams to the stumps. In fact it is practice in Down Under. But in Asian countries, it is a norm to have ground beams tie to the stumps. What wil be the consequences 2...

Rapt What about the P/A along the edge of the column or which is parallel to the column? Along the face, will it be a longitudinal shear?

Hokie66 It is AS3600. In any concrete code, any compressive stress will help to increase the shear even for beams

Cliff234 Thanks for your. Based on my workout, for every 0.5 MPa compressive stress, the punching shear resistance increase by 10%. So for 1MPa prestress, the punching shear resistance increase by 20%. To avoid drop panels, understanding of direction of the axial stress is critical to avoid non...

In PT slab, prestressing helps to increase the punching shear resistance. If the column is elongated and out of balance moment is about narrow width which direction of prestressing stress should one consider to assist in the punching shear? Or the prestressing stresses come in 2 directions as...