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Dear All Thank you for your response and the information. I've been reading about the water-hammer. This makes me wonder whether depending on what the pipeline is carrying, such as high density fluids (e.g. bitumen, the effect may be different. Any thoughts? Best regards Dilukshi

Michael Thanks a lot. Are there any reference documents or guidelines that I can make reference to in my calculations? If you can let me know any American/British standards or a particular document or guidelines I would be most grateful. Kind regards Dilukshi

Hi Could someone let me know whether the pipeline surge loads are considred primary loads in the design of the support structure? I am designing a bridge and a pipe trestle to an oil jetty. It is not clear in my mind that the surge loads are considered primary or secondary. Thanks in advance...

Hi Could someone please tell me what is the current standard which replaced BS 3436 - Ingot Zinc? I have searched the web and aslo checked on BSI Catelogue. BSI Catelogue does not have the standard. So I assume it is superseded. Thanx in advance

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Hi Could somebody tell me how to calculate the shear area of a hollow thick-walled section? Or any relavant material from web which I can refer to? This is reagrding a rubber fender. Thanx in advance

Hi, When dealing with composite section properties what is the method to add the two torsion constants (like for example for second moment of area we use parallel axis theorem)? Thanks in advance

Thanx for replying. To check the stability of a retaining structure against sliding it is necessary to know the friction at the interface. I believe that depending on the surface texture of the concrete this value varies and I couldn't find any relevant material.

Hi, Could someone provide me information on friction coefficient between soil and reinforced concrete surfaces, please? Or else, the method to calculate the friction coefficient between the two surfaces. Thanx in advance

Hi, I need to know how to calculate the compressive stiffness of an elastomeric bearing to be used for a bridge deck analysis. I wasn't successful finding relevant information on web. Could someone assist me please. Thanx in advance

Hi, Could someone provide me information on Elastomeric bearing manufacturers (or their website url)? I need information on Approximate compressive stiffness of elastomeric bearings. Thanx in advance

Yes, I have been referring to the Elastic Modulus of soil. The arch is made up of pre-cast concrete beams tied at the crown. These members are 1.5m in width. I calculate the soil modulus with the equation K=nh x/B where nh is the coefficient of modulus variation and taken as 7.5MN/m3, x is the...

Hi, I need to estimate the Soil Modulus to design a buried semi-circular arch (underpass) with radius around 6.5m. In calculating the soil modulus, in accordance with M.J.Tomlinson's 'Pile Design and Construction' book (page 224-5), it is not clear whether to consider a constant thickness as B...