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As eye watering the cost would be, IMO every substation serving >5MVA of load have their transformers outfitted with ballistic protection and concrete perimeter walls expanded to none BPS/BES substations. Substations weaknesses are too well known amongst bad actors not to be rectified.

It appears both auto-transformers were indeed damaged at the West End Substation. Aerial footage shows both 230kV disconnects open and associated bushings grounded. Disassembled radiators can be seen in front of the north-west unit. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGE92ryM5vI&t=6s Based...

One of the substations mentioned is called "West End 230kV Substation 6910 NC Hwy 211". Which can be found here on Google maps: https://www.google.com/maps/@35.21967,-79.5303,515m/data=!3m1!1e3 Viewing Google earth it appears this station has three 230kV incoming lines, two 230/115kV...

Video from a local news report may confirm transformer radiators were shot at- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPmAo05L_RE

"Loop impedance" and "path impedance" are one in the same. You're thinking of "earth fault loop impedance testing" which differs from calculating the series impedance of a circuit during design.

Hi David, this is simply untrue and a very dangerous assumption: Please see 110.10, 240.4 and 250.4 (A) (5): Table 250.122 makes a note of this. Circuit impedance is required to be taken into consideration in order to allow an over current protective device to open before the thermal...