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Cuky2000: The graph is very interesting in that it differs a lot from the graphs in IEEE80 and 81. Do you know how this graph was determined?

Thanks jghrist. Good idea. I think I'll design it based on the current soil conditions and reserve the right to change it on the dry soil conditions. Fortunately construction will only start towards end of 2006. We normally install the earth grid at a depth of 1m. Thanks RalphChristie...

Hi, I need to design a substation's (88/11kV 3x45MVA) earth grid. My problem is that I live in a relatively dry country (South Africa) and that we have had quite a lot of rain during the last couple of weeks. Our dry months are during our winter (May - August) and early spring (September and...

Given surge arrestors (SA's) installed at the termination of long lines (>30km) at substations, is it necessary to install SA's somewhere along the line in a high lightning density area? E.g. a set of SA's for every 30km of line length?

Another angle: It is the voltage loss in %pu, on the trf base, across the trf when rated current flows through the trf.

Thanks, much appreciated

Hi, I have to interpret the test results of a VDG13 undervoltage relay and would like to know: 1) Does it operate on a Very Inverse curve like a CDG13 relay? 2) If so, how does the formula differs from 13.5*TM/(PSM-1)? 3) If not, what curve does it operate on? Waldo