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Check Da Vinci's "Codex on the Flight of Birds" dated 1505-1506. He was the first to propose man powered flight and his diagrams are on display in the museum of science in Florence Italy.

I can't speak to what the FAA might agree to, but aircraft parts are typically accepted by inspection departments for all the major companies simply by comparing the 3-D part model to the actual part. The X-Y-Z coordinate data can come from a CMM, Faro Arm or Faro Laser Tracker. Since you have...

I am not sure if this answers the original question but the analytical work for airplanes looks at several V-n diagrams, representing all the extreme conditions, gross weight, minimum flight weight, max payload/min fuel, max fuel/min payload. What the pilot sees in the FAA approved Flight...

Cessna in Wichita is hiring - not much surfing on the prairie. Gulfstream in Savannah is hiring - You could try surfing on the Savannah River behind the container ships coming up river.

1. Matched steel dies heated to 350 to 400 degrees F and mounted in a brake press might form .125 2024-O and a .094 radius with no cracking or other deformation. Then heat treat to T42. This is not a routine operation and may not be addressed in any of the design process manuals but rather, a...

classictrial, Normally, one would not think of depth of part when rubber forming. Think more in terms of flanges on ribs, frames or clips and brackets. The max length of flange would be perhaps 60-70% of the depth of the forming box. A rubber head can push metal into a female cavity, but the...

Greg/Super, There is inconsistency here. On one hand a lament, industry is losing the ability to do good stress work yet blaming marketing/management for not hitting empty weight targets. An outsider might assume bad stress work leads to an unsafe airplane. Bad stress also leads to a heavy...

crackman/Superstress, Thanks for the good answers to my off topic question? The basis for my question is to see if the reliance on FEA is the reason why manufacturers (especially start-up business jet mfg) miss their empty weight projections so often. This might make a good topic by itself...

class, About 10 years ago I made a small hydro-press using a 6 inch cylinder and a 2,500 psi pump (about 35 U.S. tons). The forming box was fabricated like a picture frame made from 2 inch channel iron (flanges out) welded to a 1 inch plate. The internal box dimension was 8 x 10 inches. The...

Crackman, I would be curious to hear your opinion on the use of CATIA/FEA vs. the old hand crank method. In particular, which is the more accurate predictor of the stress levels that get recorded during static test.

Topics on this thread are bouncing all over the place. On the 787 claims for 20% fuel savings: Boeing Vice President Walter B. Gillette, who heads 7E7 engineering, manufacturing and supplier teaming, counts the fuel savings as 8% from better engines, 3% from aerodynamic improvements, 3% from...

Aerohandel, I always thought you designed the airplane around the engine (which sounds like that is what you are doing). Once you select the engine, you do the best you can with what you have to work with in terms of meeting your performance goals. aerodog

CESSNA1 So even with malfunctioning reversers, the 737 at Chicago Midway should have been able to stop on the runway assuming the pilot was flying otherwise by the numbers, ie. at a 50 ft height over the end of the runway, flying the approach at Vref plus any adjustment for gusts, and...

Does any body know if Boeing factors in reverse thrust when they calculate landing distances over the 50 ft obstacle for the 737? FAR Part 25.125(f) states you have to assume an engine out condition upon landing so I always understood reversers were never part of the stopping distance...

Wil, The project is a development program. The decision has yet to be made on whether to stretch the extrusion in "O" then heat treat or stretch in "W". In either case, when joggled, it will be in the "T" condition, so I suspect "T4" by definition but I have yet to see a drawing...

Most hot joggling involves stretching of the material. The application we are considering will involve some stretching of the section and compression in the web. To be more specific, it is a "Z" section and only one flange gets joggled .050 for a "T" stringer. In the compression area, the...

If you go to a shop that does a lot of rubber head forming, the operators will often have a variety of sacrificial pads. They will use both rubber and urethane that varies in both thickness and durometer. Pad selection comes from experience and what works best for a particular family of...

Urethane works well and can be purchased in sheet or cast form. Gallagher Corp can provide either and have molds for the Verson bladders. Check www.gallaghercorp.com.

Also check Personal Press in Wichita, Kansas. They make a line of small rubber head presses for the aircraft industry. Sizes range from a 16 inch diameter forming area to a 1,100 ton press with a 30 inch by 70 inch forming area. A sister company to Personal Press, Automated Aircraft Tooling...

If my memory serves me right, Mooney Aircraft has used electromechanical actuators for years. Pratt & Whitney would like to eliminate accessory gear boxes on small turbine engines and incorporate electrical power generation right on the main engine shaft. This will lead to more aircraft...