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thank you for your answers. As we know, there are calcium carbonate and Mg(OH)2 in the water. when the water pass through a pipe, it will form a cake layer (water scale) inside of the pipe. it often takes months. Now I wish remove the water scale from the pipe by vibration. and i want validate...

As we know, it takes months to form the water pipe scale in the piping system. is there any easy way to form the water pipe scale faster (in a day or several hours)

when people discuss the cavitation bubble, they often use the initial radius of a bubble. but i want to know how to ascertain the initial radius of a bubble? Anyone knows how todo it ??, would u pls tell the details, thanks in advance

but i do not know how to set up a rigid boundary condition? would you pls give me some hints?

thanks for your post ,firstly. But i donot agree with you. i have carried out a experiment. A acrylic pipe, is not a resonance dimension . and i think it is reasonably solid . but the distribution of sound pressure in the pipe is in agreement with the theoretical value of soft boundary!

I am analyzing the ultrasonic sound pressure in a pipe. As mentioned in many references, when the metal pipe has a enough thick wall, it can be looked as a rigid boundary! Any boby can tell me how thick is thick enough!?