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"The landlord doesn't seem to keen on getting us a water softener. I need to treat only the water going into the RO unit." Have you tried to increase the reject? "Increase the reject water ratio, so that dissolved solids don’t increase as much" as kenvlach said. No...

Consider this and debate, A silica leakeage (eg 25 ppm SiO2)from a silica saturated resin may be less than a 0.1 uS/cm. Then the SiO2 mesurement is important. On the other hand we have the non ionic colloidal silica. It needs some kind of filtration. This one will not be stopped by resin, and...

There is not only one answer to your question. The limits are chemically related: Total Hardness & Total Alkalinity Mg & SiO2 (soluble) pH & Alkalinity Ca & SO4= Cl- + SO4= & EC (or TDS) From the analysis of feed water you can calculate teorical COC. Then recalculate the range for the other...

Nothing is better than chlorine. ( use NaClO that's all).

I think BobPE is close: "I would think from what you are describing that your well casing was compromised and you are getting water into your well from upper aquifer formations that are high in iron, manganese, and possibly septic effluent. The casing was sunk to keep the well open and to...

Al2(SO4)3 is good for As removal. FeCl3 is better. (I´m working on F-, I´m also looking for F- removal wastewater treatment.) CaF2 is very insoluble but I think it is not enought for drinking-water. No bad will do to use Ca(OH)2 to adjust pH. You may need a poliacrilamide as floculant. I...

It's better to remove heavy metals first. - no inhibibition to bacteria - less sludge with heavy metals (has to be treated) - more efficient metal removal.

I´m also searching for a method. I wondwer if there is any alternative to AA or ICP. The cualitative method DIPHENYLCARBAZIDE have pD=5, that means 1:100000 (far away from 50 ppb). Regards, Luis Sabaté

Phosphonates can be usefull for CaSO4 dispersion and scale inhibition, in a similar way polyacrilates work. Regards, Luis

CaSO4 scalling is unusual because CaCO3 or SiO2 scale fist (in most of the cases), so max. COC (cycles of concentration)are calculeted in CaCO3 or SiO2 basis. The way CaSO4 scale is inhibited is similar to CaCO3: by means of a polyacrilate or acrilic-co-polymer, and/or a Ca-complexation agent...

An acid cleaning may not be necesary if there is not any rust to cleanse. (Always use an inhibited acid chemical). The pasivation could be performed with an alkaly-phosphate-polimer product, heating for a period of time, then rinsing and starting a chemical program for boiler water treatment...

Typical analysis of Ferric Chloride: specific gravity = 1.40 - 1.50 FeCl3 % w/w = 40 - 45 undesired components: FeCl2 % w/w < 0.5 - 0.1 HCl % w/w < 0.5 - 0.1 unaceptable components: Cr(VI) & heavy metals Regards, LS