There may not be a consensus, but I've used the loading for 75 mph wind speed during the deck placement. It seems plenty conservative, considering our upper limit on wind speed for proper curing of the concrete is 25 mph. Anything over that, the surface dries too quickly for it to cure. If winds...
In the hand tight condition, they would theoretically have the same shear/bearing capacity as snug tight.
However, depending on the amount of deflection/rotation, the there could still be loading at the splices, if the bolts bear against the sides of the holes.
Another thing to consider is...
We create a simple loading configuration consisting of the axle weights and spacings, and then our line Girder analysis program (BRASS Girder) moves the series of loads across the bridge, multiplies the reactions by the Distribution Factor or Wheel Fraction calculated per the applicable...
For a beam that size, a plate girder may be more economical than cambering a WF.
If the floor above is concrete, consider making it composite with the floor slab. That will greatly reduce the live load deflections and reduce the weight of the beam required, especially with a plate girder.
I too, think it's just a representation of how the creators of the map guess/assume the climate zones may change in the future, with the projected assumptions scaled larger, to make it look worse.
I'm pretty sure the purple (Zone 7) is the coldest. I don't think humidity or moisture is a...
dik, you use alot of "may", "if", "could" in your responses. Doesn't sound like you even believe that the problem you're advocating to make massive efforts to solve, actually exists. Of course, anything could happen. Global average temperatures could rise by a several degrees in the next...
What does the column support? Axial load? Lateral loads? Where does the 52 tons come from? My math says a concrete column that size only weighs about half that much.
Well, of course; they're government funded. They are required to perpetuate the climate change crisis narrative. Their continued funding depends on it.
Article 13 of the AASHTO LRFD bridge design spec has some information about the impact loading on railings, but most of is calculated using a 15 degree angle of impact. You might be able to extrapolate the force of a head on collision.
For unprotected pier designs, the spec requires a 600,000...
Well said, JoshPlumSE. The other reason that higher CO2 levels shouldn't worry us is that the geeening of the planet will mitigate much, if not all of the increases. We're already seeing it happen, everywhere from the areas near the poles to the Sahara desert.
If the pattern we see in the ice...
If the beam is subjected to significant cyclic loading, be aware the fatigue stress limit for intermittent welds is considerably lower than for continuous welds.
Drilling or driving piles in front of the abutment is problematic, at best, and extending the superstructure to new foundation supports behind the existing is equally, if not more, problematic.
Possibly , you could knock the back edge off the footing, drive piles right behind the backwall...
That seems like alot of welding to me. Have you considered using a plate girder? You could reduce the welding to the flange to web welds (which is typically an almost fully automated process), and just the connection plates for bracing, assuming you need them. It would also allow you to...
For bridge girders, transverse stiffeners are only welded to the web, with fillet welds on both side that are stopped 1/4" short of the end of the stiffener. So a 24" tall stiffener would have a fillet weld 23 1/2" long on each side. Stiffeners for rolled shapes are held 2" clear of both...
You should consider a sheet drain behind the lagging, bring the reinforced fill up near it, and eliminate the drainage rock.
With the depth to fixity shown, that guardrail won't have much resistance.
