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Thanks a lot, bimr, but what do you mean by "active ingredient"? Do you know the mechanism of conversion (or, extraction) of Al2O3 from Al2(SO4)3.18H2O? I thought that, as btrueblood said, the expression with Al2O3 was for the convenience. Is it not true? How did you calculate 6.9% Al2O3...

Thanks, btrueblood. Another question is....so, how should I calculate the amount of alum from, for example, 8.5% Al2O3?

As most of us know, Alum - Al2(SO4)3 18H2O or Al2(SO4)3 14H2O - is used for coagulation process. But, why do we express the concentration of alum like "8.5% Al2O3" or "17% Al2O3"? Is it because making Al2O3 is cheaper than Alum? Then, why do we say "we use alum as coagulation chemical"...

Hi, I am looking for a must-have and/or recommended books for designing industrial wastewater treatment plants. I have started working for this environmental engineering company, and this company's main work is wastewater treatment from refinery and steel-making industry. I already have books...