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> your control should markedly improve. An assumption seems to have crept into recent replies that control is bad. That is not the case at all. Control is fine, minimal deviation from setpoint, little overshoot: There is no overshoot during warm-up. After preparing an espresso - when at 9 bar...

> A coffee machine! LOL Err, no, a third generation pressurized beverage supply system with hybrid electrical-mechanical brew control which allows significant gains to be made in extraction of coffee diterpenes and coffee oil from coffee grounds.

> Why not? No technical reason - I just do not expect that users of the PID controller are willing to drill holes into the boilers of their coffee machine for which it is an add-on. Btw, the 'abysmal' design is a Gaggia Classic's boiler (http://www.cerinicoffee.com/Boiler_Gaggia.asp). It's a...

> If the sensor is located near the heat source, it may see the rapid rise but be out of sync with the true temp in the boiler The sensor is mounted on the outside of a thick die-cast aluminium boiler (walls > 10mm) with small internal volume (200ml). Two strong heating elements are on the...

Is there a PID expert here? I need help on how to implement a PID autotune function for a heating application (small boiler). My current PID autotune function produces no reliable results. I use the relay feedback method (Åstrom and Hägglund) but it seems that the ultimate period Tu - one of...