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These MSBs are normally used in equipments panels (for like chargers/ UPS/ Electronic/ Telecommunucation systems) where it is not always poessible t provice e/i enclosures on them. If someone wants to use these MCB inside a protected enclosure then also these is no problem. But even if a normal...

Reactor is an inductive device then why it is called a Reactor?

Thanks a lot everybody

Can anybody help in finding codes numbers for Shunt Reactors, Neutral Earthing Reactors, Tuning Reactors, Smoothing Reactors, Load Balancing Reactors and Interphase Reactors for US and Europe Use?

As per IEEE STD 485, K factor are to be taken from the cell performance curves. As per attached image please advise if value of k be less than 1 for loads of duration less than 1 min (like for 20 sec loads). I have worked out some battery calculations for a substation and if I take 1 minute...

Thanks a lot wareagle. It is a good document.

How to find the ratings of shunt reactor MVAr at the end and the start of transmission line? Help needed. Thanks in advance.

I go it,, thanks everybody. Just one more clarification. When we select high tension cables we see the short circuit current while selecting the cable size. Like if current is I=22kA then size of Al cable will be S=I/K where k=0.094. So cable to be selected is > 235sqmm (say 300sqmm)/ We...

For 220kV line, the thermal limits are normally 300-1000MVA with economic power 350MVA. If I calculate current using formula P=1.732 x V x I (P= Thermal Limit=1000MVA) I=2624A Is this my short circuit limit for breaker installed for this transmission line operation/protection? Thanks in advance.

I am involved into load flow studies for a system with Generator, Transformers and Transmission lines. I am referring a book "overhead power lines, Planning Design , Construction" by F. Kiessling, P. Nefzger, J F Nalasco and U Kaintzyk) I am taking following cases. In book following cases are...

What is your purpose of using the software? Like points plotting, Sag calculations, Tower Design, Vegetation Management etc. If this known then we can put more words here.

I am also with Mr. Scotty. I have also seen that while doing any maintenance people believe what they see. Air gaped between contacts is something which people can trust for safe working. I have seen people preferring breakers with fuses over MCCB as that can takeout the fuses and put them in...

I add all into following....please check 1. Auxiliary ground Grid should be bonded to Ground Grid where Grid connects the switch lever ground strap. 2. The purpose of this auxiliary ground is to keep potential of handle lever and ground at persons atep at same level. 3. Size 1200mmx 1200mm...

I was searching a software which can assist engineers in making the layouts of substations. I know one from Bentley (Bentley Substation). Is there any other software you aware of?

Any idea from where this size 1200x1200 with conductor spacing 300 came from? OR it is just a practice everybody following up?

Yes it is the one where operator will stand. He is telling me that normally he saw following for grounding/earthing Normally For 400kV Switch Yard- Mesh Formed is LxW :: 1500mmX 1500mm spacing of rod @300mm this was beneath the isolator Normally For 220kV Switch Yard Mesh Formed is LxW ...

One of my friend asked me this question where he was wondering if a separate earthing design is done for isolators 220kV. These grounding/earthing are then connected to main grid. If it is done what practices are followed? He was calling this earthing as auxiliary grounding/ earthing. If...

thanks to you all.. for sharing great info

Length is in KM

I know one formula Economic Voltage = 5.5 Sqrt{L/1.6 + KVA/150} Where L = Length of Transmission Line KVA is Power to be transferred Is anybody aware of the standard/ code from where this taken? Are there other methods also to check the voltage economics?