Low resistance earthing is characterized by placing one or more NERs between the system neutral and earth, restricting potential E/F current to a medium magnitude in the order of 200 A, but typically no more than 1000 A.
The reasons for limiting the current by resistance earthing include:
• Eliminate destructive transient over-voltages
• Reduce arcing/burning damage to equipment during E/Fs
• Reduce mechanical stress during E/Fs
• Minimize electric shock hazard to personnel from stray E/F currents
• Reduce arc blast/flash hazard to personnel
High resistance earthing is characterized by placing one or more NERs between the system neutral and earth, restricting potential E/F current to a low magnitude in the order of 10 A, but typically no greater than 100 A. In addition to the mutual benefits of low resistance earthing, by restricting current to such low levels, high resistance earthing has the following benefits:
• Does not require immediate clearing of an E/F
• Limits damage to generator windings due to E/Fs
• Limits circulating third harmonic currents between generators to negligible levels
The primary downside of high resistance earthing is the increased difficulty of E/F detection and selectivity. Although faults are self-revealing through over-current, the small magnitude of potential E/F current make the setting of earth protection difficult:
• High impedance nature of most E/Fs (reduces available E/F current)
• Star-connected winding faults close to the neutral point within generators and transformers generate less than the maximum E/F magnitude
• Capacitive current flows in un-faulted circuits during E/Fs (makes selectivity difficult)
• Summation CTs inaccuracies and saturation during transient over-currents (can cause spurious faults)
Summation CT inaccuracies and saturation can be eliminated by using core-balance CTs rather than summation CTs. Core balance CTs can only be installed on cables, not on busbar. E/F protection is further complicated by the potential for different maximum E/F current depending on the number of neutral earthing points connected. Protection must be set on the basis of the lowest possible maximum E/F current available.
With parallel generators, the requirement is to minimise harmful third-harmonic circulating current that can occur when:
• Generators of different design are paralleled
• Generators of identical design are paralleled with unequal loading
Circulating third harmonic current can adversely affect E/F protection and generator thermal capacity.
Circulating third harmonic current can be minimised or eliminated by using either one or a combination of the following methods:
• High resistance earthing
• Switched neutrals, such that only one generator neutral is connected to earth at any one time
High resistance earthing limits the magnitude of possible third harmonic circulating current to negligible levels. Switched neutrals completely prevents circulating third harmonic currents. A combination of high resistance earthing and a switched neutral gives the benefits of high resistance earthing without introducing undesirable third harmonic currents.
Despite the aforementioned benefits, switched neutrals are considered undesirable for two reasons:
• Additional switchgear requirements
• Potential for operational errors resulting in operating the HV system unearthed
For both these reasons, switched neutrals are not the preferred solution. The requirement for switched earths will be determined by the ability of the generator to handle the proposed NER restricted circulating third harmonic current.