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Interpretation of Vibro-replacement Stone Column data 2

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iandig

Civil/Environmental
Apr 10, 2003
212
Does anyone have any experience of 'attempting' to interpret data recorded during the formation of vibro-stone columns? I have received a large amount of data from the ground improvement contractor, which consists of the depth of penetration, along with pressure.
I am in the unenviable position where the ground improvment contractors site agent has said that the quality of the data is 'like a big DCP' and that 'there is a relationship between the pressure required and shear strength', but their own technical guys can only give a explaination of what the graph is showing and can't commit [understandably] to anything more. The Client is now expecting some form of qualative assessment, and even though we have explained at great length that this is very difficult to achieve and we don't currently have the comparative analysis data to form any kind of interpretation, we are doing whatever we can to aid the situation.
The reason for the desire to understand the data, is that the work is being completed on engineered fill, some of which has now been shown to be below the minimum requirement [post placement investigation], but its deposition within the fill is random i.e. poor fill placed discretely with no supervison or testing. There was no full-time supervision of the site works, and testing was only conducted when the earthworks contractor was 'ready' as it was only initially a general backfill operation and not covered by any specification until sometime after the infilling had already begun. Now the Client has signed up to provide a building over it within 6 months, without checking the ground conditions first. Foundation are to be founded on vibro-replacement stone columns, but nothing done yet for the floor slab. Maximum depth of the fill is circa 7m, which in turn overlies competent sandstone/ironstone. Fill is predominantly cohesive, and where tested acheived at least 95% of modified proctor [4.5kg rammer], less than 5% air voids and CBRs in excess of 5%. Where subsequent testing was done once the issue of the building was announced, shear stengths of less than 40 kN/m² were recorded at various depths, all below 3m from GL but pockets down to 6m. Distribution of the soft layers could be random, or could be continuous, just data so far is too limited. We have been reccomending CPT work to confirm ground conditions, but still waiting mobilisation of rig to site, which may turn up after the foundations for columns have been poured. Column loads have equated to allowable bearing pressure of 125kN/m², and floor slab has a design loading of 50 kN/m² [likley to be much lower than this, <10kN/m²]
Any help or advise would be greatly appreciated.
Many thanks
 
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I'm still not sure why you need to interpret this data. Is someone challenging the effectiveness of the ground improvement program? We typically just have a performance spec (i.e. bearing and settlement criteria) for the design-build contractor. And the contractor generally does a load test to verify their design. You might be opening a can of worms with the post construction verification testing, unless there are specified soil strength parameters that the ground improvement is supposed to meet.
 
I recommend post construction CPTs or SPTs as the best ways to check the quality of ground improvement for liquefaction mitigation. If this is for bearing a plate load test with the engineering judgement of the "geotechnical Engineer" (not the design build contractor) should be adequate.

For the recorded data: Depth vs amperage drawn from the generator, total amount of stones used should provide you good information of the effectiveness of work.

Always check the total stones used at the job site to back calculate diameter.
 
Many thanks for the rapid response.
The reason or more importantly the need to see if we can provide an interpretation on the data is that they want to start excavating the bases next week [7th July], steel is arriving in two weeks. CPT rig booked for several weeks now, but first available date is 14th on site. Ground improvement contractor for vibro-replacement piles has already be-mobbed from site, plus they can't deal with 'self-settlement' within the fill. As loadings from floor slab are so light, they only form around 20% of the total potential settlement, the remainder is based on self-settlement within the fill. The data used to assess this is only light [13 DCP locations plus 5 window-less BH's], and does not provide sufficient coverage, plus we have had to use conservative values because we only have limited numbers to work from. We have been asked if we can improve our assessment based on the vibro data. The numbers comming back from the vibro [over 200 vibro stone column piles completed] suggest that the spread of the softer material is limited to localised pockets, as opposed to complete layers of poor fill, plus the volume of stone required is 'less than expected'. These comments are helpful in providing a less pessimistic view, but can't quantify the scale of the potential problem.
The fill itself was placed over a 14 month period, starting last Apil [07]. There were long periods of inactivity as new sources of fill were identified, and there was a period of around 4 months between December and April when no fill was placed. Prior to the recommencement of the filling, the DCP and WS boreholes were drilled to check the condition of the fill, as there were periods during the winter when the borrow pit was flooded. Contractor re-started the filling at his own risk before being given the OK. Subsequent results of the DCP's suggested softer layers which would not meet the earthworks spec. Unknown at this point that end Client had also signed an agreement to complete the building in 6 months, this all came out much later.
We are all trying to help as much as possible to try and come up with a solution for the floor slab, just don't have the right data to work from.
 
Quality control for stone columns must respect the following stages :
- construction parameters records. They will be more helpful if you deal with an electric vibrator. Hydraulic vibrators are more difficult to interpret.
- information columns where a careful measurement of stone vs depth are carried out. 1 out of 50 columns with a minimum of 3. This allows an easy interpretation of the records.
- check that volume of stone is at least 1.2 imes theoretical for dry process and 1.5 for wet process
- final testing which should be based on single columns load tests. In-situ tests at the center of columns do not work ( it gets very quickly out of the stone column ) and plate tests do not stress the column at depth.You should have at least 1 load test per site.
 
Just a quick thankyou for the rapid responses to the original post. It all helped with todays meeting and convinced the Client and the Contractor that they need to spend a little bit of money to resolve the ground conditions. CPT work starts on Monday.
 
I just want to re-emphasize that if the design is for liquefaction mitigation, post construction CPTs and/or SPTs between the columns is warranted. Plate load tests does not tell you anything if you are mitigating liquefaction potential.
 
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