You need to obtain a copy of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div 1 and read it. All of this information is there, and concerns the fabrication of pressure vessels using various grades of material. U- is for unfired. G- general guidelines.
To answer your second question; Q stands for qualification, and W is for welding. Again, you should obtain a copy of ASME Section IX, which pertains to Guidlines for Welding Procedure (and welder) and Brazing Procedure (and brazer) qualification.