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Hammerhead Pier STM - Lateral Loads

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CalebA

Structural
Joined
Apr 3, 2023
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I am designing a hammer head pier using a 2D strut and tie model. I am using the linked example as a design guide and noticed they didn't include lateral loads in the STM. Is this just a simplified example? Do I need to transfer the longitudinal and transverse loads into the strut and tie model? If this is the case, would I need to use a 3D STM?

 
This is part of why STM has been slow to be adopted, particularly in LRFD designs like AASHTO. In theory, you end up with a different STM for each load combination, and those with longitudinal loads would become 3D STMs.

Practically, there are some cases where the magnitudes of lateral forces (relative to vertical forces) are small enough to be neglected in the STM, and are either that loading is carried by your skin reinforcement or a few additional bars at rational locations.
 
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