the fractured surface exhibits many concentric circles coupled with a "fiber" small circle at the center. In addition, there is no obvious fracture origin. This all suggests it is a rotational fatigue fracture under high stress conditions along the end edge of shaft. The smaller radius could...
phosphoric acid solution could cause hydrogen embrittlement depending on the concentration, temperature and duration
A non-residual stress release part could cause cracking while submerged in the acid solution. This is called stress corrosion cracking (SCC). A simple test could determine...
ASM Handbook, "Heat Treatment" covers the approaches how to perform the heat treatment for all cast irons, such as grey, white, malleable and other cast irons.
The normalization is performed to restore the altered properties of grey cast iron to the as-cast
iron. The normalized temperature is...
I should make it more clear for my previous common.
KLF is a very thin film perhaps, a few mms wide. It lies at the very vicinity of the molten weld.
For some cooling regimes, TiC (or NbC) precipitates are dissolved, but instead, CrC precipitates are formed. The steel becomes unstsbilized in...
The starting dissolution temperatures of TiC and CrC are 1900F and 1450F, respectively. Therefore, if the welding temperature could be maintained at 1550F-1750F, this will prevent both of the TiC dissolution and the formation of CrC. This result will greatly decrease the deletion of Cr along the...
As a stabilized steel, such as 321SS, a low heat input could avoid the dissolution of TiC (1900F or above) which is designed to tie up free carbons. However, if the input heat is too low, the weld quality could be compromised, such as the reduction of toughness with others
17-4 PH SS is a tempered martensite. Normally, the tempered martensite hardness will drop with tempering temperature over 650F. !7-4 PH SS hardness increasing is due to the formation of carbide precipitates However, there is "tempered martensite embrittlement" occurring at 480-570F...
Inconel alloy 112 or others is an optional metal for 321 SS welding filler due to its less galvanic corrosion and is metallurgical compatible with SS.
KLA is caused by high heat which dissolves both Ti and Cr carbides. If you re-heat the welded material at 1850-1950F, this will allow Ti to...
as I mentioned previously, the fatigue crack starts from material surface due to the formation of "slip bands" by a greater tensile stress on surface. The failure caused by the interior defect, such as voids or microcracks is very rare. The used parts could have minute cracks on surface...
1215 is not thermally hardenable due to the low carbon. The HR mechanical properties are basically determined by rolling temperature and cooling rate. So, why you have to concern any heat treatment? The only thing you need to ask is the HR tensile strength. Cold rolling could bring up some...
Fatigue failure usually starts from the surface where it receives the max tensile stress during application. This implies a hardened surface and/or a defect free surface could improve the fatigue life. A tensile residual stress could reduce the fatigue life.
The fatigue life is limited under a...
By reducing both temps to 1700F and 1650F, respectively, you could get the finer grains which could boost toughness. Also, by increasing the tempering temperature, you will increase the ductility and toughness but it might cost some of the material strength.
This attached diagram was taken from AMS Handbook, "Heat Treatment"https://files.engineering.com/getfile.aspx?folder=a2312823-b22f-43a3-b716-4f8e69bc2842&file=oxodocumentconverter.pdf
In order to enhance the impact energy, other than the concerns on TS and ductility, you could try to refine the grain size by minimizing the normalization time and maintain temperature not to exceed 1650F. you also could ask for a small amount of Ti or V in the liquid steel to get a fine structure.
I though we were talking about the pre-heat prior to welding for already carburized parts instead of the tempering during the manufacturing processes.
The preheat itself should take much shorter time than tempering. So, the hardness dropping may not be necessary profound.
