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Huge difference. Sewers typically flow half full in underground pipelines with clean-outs and manholes appropriately spaced. If a force main, then calcs have to be run to verify flow rates to insure no stagnation and nothing becomes cementitious. Water lines focus more on limits of 1500 gpm...

If you are touching the design of others, then you are incurring the responsibility for that design. Depends upon the situation.

IMHO, the problem focuses on the irrigation system. While some irrigation systems might be NonPotable water source systems, they aren't required to be NP. Check local codes. Even if they are potable water, it isn't uncommon for irrigation systems to be designed by Architects...Interior...

Shouldn't be a problem to procure fresh Agg Base or pit run soils from a quarry to satisfy the requirement, but finding the appropriate test to document the quality of the soil might be more challenging. Looking at ASTM D5831, a std hydrocarbon soil test tends to focus on detection limits no...

I'm developing a project to replace twelve 12k lb - 15k lb vehicle lifts with twelve 2 post 26k lb vehicle lifts inside a steel moment frame structure, with rein conc tiltwall facing panels. The bldg structure was originally design-built in the early 80s. Bldg has 3 main areas. Plan view...

I perceive the purpose of a gauge length is in reference as a basis of strain. I find the term used with respect to minimum tendon length in post-tensioned concrete (being 10'), so it makes sense for it to represent a min length of anchor bolt in which tensile stresses are allowed to operate...

One of the recent changes to ASCE 7-10 (15.7.5 Seismic Anchorage) and ACI 318(App D Eqn D-3) require that anchor bolts have a minimum gauge length of 8 diameters. I haven't been able to find the explicit definition for "Minimum Gauge Length" in the context of concrete anchor bolts, either in...

Another possible solution is to go to the section you omit, simply line through it with a notation that Section C-C has been replaced by Section #-# (as appropriate) and ask the client if that is acceptable. For lengthier drawings, this is less time consuming and communicates the same info to...

Look for the SDSFIE/FMFIE/ TriService A/E/C CADD Standards in a google web search. Architectural Record had a nice synopsis on this issue last April. AIA and CSI have two standards which have merged into the National CADD Standard. I anticipate the standard to change because the layers...

Computer Aided Drafting?/Design?/Documentation?/Development? Also what area of Mechanical? In construction of facilities, mechanical designs vary considerably. Older engineers tend to design on the back of a napkin then give to a secretary or draftsman to place into AutoCAD/MicroStation...

Clean Water Act II now pushes the limits down to 1 acre for storm water drainage impact. Was 5 acres and over with Clean Water Act 1. NPDES permits might also imply topo down to nearest or adject water sink or stream/pond, lake. Also remember to provide for utilities and maintenance access...

I prefer this as a good professional design guide en lieu of ASHTO. ASHTO has quite a few loopholes to avoid designing a better quality road, IMHO,..however for residential or farm property roads it isn't unreasonable. Check out and download the below link...

The partiular problem is also one of about 30 classical optimization or optimal constraint problems. Some people will write a masters or doctoral thesis on even one such problem and solution. In multivariate mathematics, check out the Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) for...

Keep it simple. You are paying for soil export to an outside landfill. Work is force times distance. The minimum work required is to displace a mass a given distance. The volume of the dirt in situ is different than the volume of loose soil. The material being moved may be measured by...