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  1. autonub

    Calculating TIme to Reach Desired Chemical Concentration

    Good Morning Gentlemen, Thank you all for taking the time to respond. I apologize for not acknowledging your efforts sooner. It has been busy here and I was out of state on field service for over a week. We actually derived an equation by solving algebraically. Your calculations are very...
  2. autonub

    Calculating TIme to Reach Desired Chemical Concentration

    This should be an easy one, but how do you calculate the time it takes to raise a tank of liquid up to a certain chemical concentration given the following known parameters: Input Tank Volume in Gallons Output Flow Rate in Gal/hr Concentration of Output in parts-per-million Desired Increase in...
  3. autonub

    Anyone familiar with Phoenix Contact PLCs and HMIs?

    Greetings, I'm attempting to create a method for logging a history of alarm faults for viewing with corresponding time stamps in an organized format on an accompanying HMI screen. The way I see it I have two options. The first option is to program the entire thing, starting with an array...
  4. autonub

    What is the convention for -Vs?

    Thanks for all of the interesting replies. I was leaning toward simply using "DC GND1 TO LINE #####," "DC GND2..." , etc, because this way I could make it easier to differentiate between the various -Vs lines from the various DC power supplies, but perhaps simply calling them all "0VDC" and...
  5. autonub

    What is the convention for -Vs?

    Thanks for the replies. I'm plenty familiar with operational amplifiers from college. My senior project actually used several 741 op amps. I have not read the book "The Art of Electronics" though. I'm not confused about understanding the way electronics work here. I'm only curious about the...
  6. autonub

    What is the convention for -Vs?

    I'm used to working with closed loop diagrams from college and during my research. However, in practice it is very common for the main lines from the output of an AC/DC power supply to continue from one page or sheet to the next. At the bottom and top of each line it is necessary to state the...
  7. autonub

    Solenoid Diaphragm Pump: Circuit Protection

    Thanks for the replies. Yes, I have seen and have read that Operating Instructions manual. To address the need for isolated relay contacts in parallel configurations (two of these sharing the same source), my intention is to use the relay outputs of a 1766-L32BXB PLC. The PLC has 6 onboard relay...
  8. autonub

    Solenoid Diaphragm Pump: Circuit Protection

    I have a gamma/L pump from Prominent. I'm curious what the standard recommendations are for circuit protection when using these types of pumps (solenoid diaphragm pumps). I already have a circuit breaker in my design near the AC source. Would an overload relay be appropriate or unnecessary? I...
  9. autonub

    Ultrasonic Transducer Design Question

    Hello. I'm interested in learning about trasducer design and engineering. I don't have the means to purchase any text books or other publications. Do any of you know of any good resources? I'm specifically interested in learning how to design transducers optimized for generating cavitations...
  10. autonub

    ampacity and cooling

    waross: No, this is not a homework assignment. It is (sort of) an actual work assignment. The scenario isn't real, but the underlying principles are the same. In other words, if I figure out the solution to the questions I've asked in this thread, I'll in theory be able to solve the real problem...
  11. autonub

    ampacity and cooling

    I'm not sure that is crucial to the original question of cooling and ampacity (maximum current carrying capacity). But for the sake of simplicity, let's just assume the water is distilled (pure water). Let's also assume the nearest path to ground through the water is of near infinite resistance...
  12. autonub

    ampacity and cooling

    No, not a tube. And no, not flowing through it. The aluminum conductor is essentially a solid rod. The water is flowing around it as if the rod were submerged. The actual scenario is a little more complicated but for our purposes let's assume uniformity in exposure to water. If it helps to...
  13. autonub

    ampacity and cooling

    Hello! I'm having a little difficulty figuring out how to calculate the maximum ampacity of a metal submerged in water with a constant temperature and flow rate. For example, say we have an aluminum cylinder (solid and without insulation) submerged in water flowing at 30 gallons per minute at a...

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