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Z% (actual Ohms) Z% based on a stated MVA base (which is not necessarily the Txf MVA rating) IEC based country (Australia). The second is the more common

Is that for clearance from Live HV (safety clearances)? AS2067 covers that. AS2067 is the go to for all substation stuff in Australia. AS300 covers LV ("Wiring Rules").

Not sure if this is exactly what you are asking, but AS2067 (HV Substations above 1kV) has a parameters for earthing systems step/touch voltages. It is now a probabilistic risk based approach, the older versions were firm voltage limits. It is all about ensuring safety for people within and...

from an operating perspective (neglecting change costs) switching to 480V has higher efficiency due to the removal of the intermediate transformer and reduced I2R losses.

Hi, is anyone aware of commercially available 3 phase injection sets for primary injection (e.g. BBP stability). Ideally currents into several kA would be required. Thanks.

I expect where you are working will dictate this. You need to provide more information as National and local regulations can vary.

Have another look at AS3000. Having parallel conductors protected by different protection devices that do not operate simultaneously (e.g. separate fuses or in your case parallel MCCBs) is not allowed.

The supplier should be able to give some guidance (if the asset owner doesn't have any minimum acceptance criteria). Also supplier test results from factory testing may be helpful. I would expect a new xlpe cable to give a tens of gigaohm reading for substation usage, so would expect something...

What is the specification of the cable? xlpe? pilc? voltage? etc. Also, what is the age of the cable?

If it is a new line there will be negligible cost impact of including OPGW for the OHEW to provide a fibre link between the two substations, so David is spot on, current diff is definitely the better solution. By using a numerical relay you could use a backup overcurrent element to protect the...

Veritas, there are several things to consider: - does the local supply authority allow the two grids to be connected together; - what is the soil resistivity in the area? If it is high then joining the two grids together may not be best. - are the earth grids existing? If so you can test to...