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The best information available on the design of tube/tube joints is the CIDECT Design Guide for Rectangular Hollow Section joints under predominantly static loading (ISBN 3-8249-0089-0). This is based on test results from Japan, Holland et al. If you are in the USA, then the nearest author is...

I have always called them "Flogging" spanners. If possible use a ring spanner, not an open-ended one, as this is less likely to come off the nut when you hit it. In my experience, you can use this type of spanner to bring Grade 8.8 bolts to the "yield plateau", providing...

Thankyou for all your comments. I have been exploring other avenues, and have a few myself. I have located two references on base plates, but haven’t had the opportunity to peruse them as yet. #1 DeWolf,J.T., “Column Base Plates”, American Institute of Steel Construction, Design Guide Series...

Tower Base Plate Anchor Bolts – should they have adjusting nuts? A common detail for base plate anchor bolts for an isolated tower is to have two nuts threaded onto the bolt cast into the concrete foundation. The extra nut is placed under the base plate, providing a convenient means of plumbing...

If that is too hard, simply calculate the torsion load in the beam with the load at mid-span. Then resist that torsion by warping alone. If your beam is not strong enough to do that, it probably isn't stiff enough either. If that doesn't work, make a composite section of a Rectangular Hollow...

I have used "Wire-lock Resin" which is a two-part adhesive on a couple of applications where I had to thread the wire rope into the structural steel and back out again. There wasn't enough room to thread the socket through this. The beauty of this was removing the socket only required...

I suggest you find a copy of these two papers F.P. Cozzone, M.A. Melcon, F.M. Hoblit, "Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins made of Aluminium or Steel Alloys", Product Engineering, May, 1950 pp.113-117 M.A. Melcon, F.M. Hoblit, "Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear...

With a flat plate or disc, the critical case is sometimes not when the disc is facing directly into the wind, but when the wind is from the side. Then, the wind creates lift, not drag. The major force is still at right angles to the plane of the disc, but now the centre of pressure is offset...

(1) Filler plate tensile strength will be lower in the through-thickness direction, but not appreciably so with modern plates. It usually doesn't matter because the cross-sectional area is increased by the spread of the fillet weld. For instance, with a 0.25" wall you would probably use a...

I use Torque = 0.2 * Force * Diameter as a quick, memorable formula for torques for steel bolts. This is not as accurate as Corypad's formula, but close enough for most applications. Note that the friction coefficient will be of the order of 0.15 to 0.20 because the contact pressures on the...

If the strut is truely vertical, and only subject to axial loads, then the shear force on the bolt at the base is zero, and you could leave it out! However, there will always be some inclination, and some lateral loads, so a pair of bolts at the base is a good idea. Typically, a force of 2.5% of...

I don't have the Canadian or US Standards, but have used the British Standard, BS-5649:Part 7:1985 "Lighting Columns". This has the cross-section fully effective for plastic moment capacity up to D/t=40 for circles and polygons in 350MPa/23tsi/50ksi steel. The effective cross-section...

Taro's question related to a very short-term condition, with a duration of only a few days. In such circumstances, it would be reasonable to forget the code for permanent buildings and look at somethink more transient, such as codes for designing cranes. The typical crane code nominates a design...

In Australia, oversize flame-cut holes are the norm for thick base plates, but rarely used elsewhere. I have used them in end flange plates for tubular tower bolted joints where the bolts are subject to tension loads with minimal shear. I would be very cautious about using flame-cut holes in...

According to the local manufacturer's catalogue, his self-drilling screws are forged. I know that the workers always complain that the self-drilling screws will not drill into the flanges of hot-rolled sections. They overcome the problem by pre-drilling, which takes time. Perhaps if they were a...

I picked up a catalogue from "Snap-On" at an Engineering Exhibition. This has outside dimensions for almost every different spanner and socket they produce. That was 10 years ago. Perhaps now they will have it on a web site. Russell Keays

Have you tried using castellated nuts, with a transverse hole in the end of the bolt, and a split pin through to hold the nut just that tight? Alternatively, if you can tighten the nuts and still make your pans function correctly, the most reliable bolted joint is one with the bolt preloaded to...

John Holmes from Monash University and Standards Australia are working on a Standard to cover wind loading for all Asian contries. Contact John at [jholmes@bigpond.com], or Richard Weller at [richard.weller@standards.com.au]. Also you could buy a copy of John's book "Wind Loading of...

I am in the process of designing a 66m high tower to go on a 50 storey building, so I hope I know what I am talking about. Design wind loads will come from your local building codes. Usually these give you wind speeds at differing heights above ground. The drag of the different forms of tower...

Hi, Tim Analysis of local loads on cylinders is included in the British pressure vessel standards. I have BS.5500 Appendix G. I can fax to you the extracts. By coincidence, the first time I used this was on a problem with lateral loads on piles. Russell Keays