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What is a good program for analysis of integral abutment bridges? Probably using finite element analysis?

What is the definition of the nominal yield stress?

Does anyone know or has any references on how to derive the equation for an axially-loaded pipe with internal pressure. I think the critical buckling load comes Pcr. =EI(pi)(pi)/(L)(L) which is the same as an axially loaded pipe without internal pressure. But how do you prove it?

But my calculation indicates (pi)rt(Fy/sqrt(3)), that is, 3.14rt(Fy/sqrt(3)), not 4rt(Fy/sqrt(3)) Why I'm geting this difference? 3.14 instead of 4?

Any reference on how to derive the plastic shear resistance of a steel pipe given by the expression' Vp = 4rt(Fy/sqrt(3))where Fy/sqrt(3)is the Von Mises yield criterion

My question is related to the Response modification factors of the foundations of seismic-isolated bridges. According to the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design "the response modification factor for all substructures shall be half of those given in table 3.7 of the AASHTO...

The conventional practice is to use only one type of bearings on a bridge. Is there any refeence to this "rule"?

AASHTO Guide Specifications for Horizontally Curved Steel Girder Highway Bridges do not provide any information on hybrid girders. Do I have to assume that we can't use hybrid girders on curved alignment due to lack of Sprcification?

Thank you very much for the response. However, I like to ask a few more questions on this subject. 1. What do you mean by "properly placed hinge"? Is this the point of expected maximum moment? Or maximim shear? How do you select the location of plastic hinge? 2. You're saying that the hinge is...

Can anyone explain to me in simple language why do we need plastic hinges in structural analysis?

Yes ,this is R.J.Watson system,otherwise Known as EQS.I can understand its advantages.What about its disadvantages ?

The Eradiquake Sliding isolation bearing and the Elastoplastic seismic isolation system are the least Known seismic isolation systems for bridges.What are their advantages and disadvantages ?

What are the design requirements for stiffening girders of cable-stayed bridges ?Any deflection limitations ?

What are the major applications of fracture mechanics on bridges ?Any references on this particular application of fracture mechanics ?

Bridge damping is customarily 5%.But actually the damping ratio has a range e.g. 3% to 7% i.e. is not a fixed number.What is the range of damping ratio for a steel girder bridge ,a reinforced concrete bridge and a prestressed concrete bridge ?

What is the span range at which use of exodermic decks becomes economically competitive with the tranditional reinforced concrete deck slab ?

I am using the SEISAB program to get the seismic forces.Pot bearings will be used and I have to input their stiffness.Any ideas about the stiffness of both expansion and fixed bearings ?

You mention nothing about the stiffness of the abutments.In your opinion abutment stiffness shall not be included in the calculation of the period of a simple span bridge ?

How can I calculate the period of a simple span bridge ?How the period is affected if the Bridge is jointless i.e.there is no joint between the deck slab and the approach slab.

What are the seismic requirements for Concrete and steel superstructures ? Any references ?