The pros all ride with power meters (peddle spindle, crank arm, or rear hub) and track the numbers.
They guard the data closely, but from time to time they release portions of the data.
These guys will ride 85-150 mile stage, it will take 3-6 hours, and average power output will be in the range of 300-500 W. So over the entire stage you are talking 4000-7000 kJ. I get tired thinking about it.
I can manage 150W all day, but anything over 400W in a 10 sec sprint and I die.
I have a copy here og Grier's Mecnhanic's Calculator from 1835. It has some interesting tables on pull forces and speed. One Sir John Leslie gives us an equation for for the pulling force of a horse at speed V. in miles per hour.
My grade[ ]10 physics teacher told us that a horsepower was 550ft.lb/sec, and he estimated that the horse used to test this died of old age some twenty minutes after the test.
Grier quotes someone named Gregory, claiming that a man at rest can exert 70lb, and can walk unloaded at 6ft/sec. This man can draw 31-1/9lb at 2ft/sec.