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GD&T is it a philosophy 5

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fsincox

Aerospace
Aug 1, 2002
1,261
I am interested in hearing the different points of view on your philosophy to GD&T.
As new draftsman we had always been told “you can’t use bolt circles, only co-ordinates” and “don’t dimension from centerlines, only edges” I suspect these are a lot like the caliper guys of today. When I was first trained in Y14.5-1982 in 1987 I found it a very liberating. The philosophy I was told was if it did not violate the basic rules or is not prohibited by the standard it was OK, Notes on drawings were not desired because of language barriers, but in extreme cases, you may need to supplement with a note to explain what you intend. The sense I got was it was a tool kit to be used and the simplistic examples in the text were just that, period. The book certainly did not explore the limits of what can be done it was more of a universal language that would be built upon as languages do. English, for example, has had words like computer and geometric dimensioning and tolerancing added to it (my MS word still thinks tolerancing is not a word or is misspelled). We all know it is a word.
In my first job AGDT (After GD&T Training) I worked with a lot of machines and a lot of dowels patterns that people always wanted located to unimportant edges (“the from the edge guys”, always 2 dowels in case some don’t know), I said: “fine, we have this new tool called composite position tolerancing that was perfect for that”. Eventually, the question was asked: “now, can we put an orientation on the centerline between the dowels to refine for orientation”. “Not in the ANSI world”, I said, “this is explicitly prohibited”, if we were ISO well life would have been easy. I was told the committee was working on just that issue, and, the restatement of secondary datums in a composite position tolerance would do just that. We were also instructed that since the standard did not actually show it we may want to add a flagnote to explain what we meant. This practice is part of the standard now and since Y14.5-1994 an accepted practice, some apparently argued it was implied before in the 82, but, it was not explicitly shown.
Out here in the real world we do not always have time to wait for the politicians to make decisions, the job has a deadline and we need tools to do the job. MMC and LMC (also a new concept at the time) are good valid tools, adding it to profile tolerances to get the job done foe the heavy hitters is great, but why take it away from the poor little radius, Is it really because it is hard to measure? Life isn’t always easy.
There’s lots I want to get into with guys who are interested in exploring ideas.
Like:
To circle “E” or to circle “I”, that is the question?
Why not true position of a surface instead of profile?
Why perpendicular and parallel, not just orientation?
Is a feature defined by a radius really different than the same one defined as diameter?
Doesn’t anyone out there use the dreaded ISO and like it?
How can rule #1 not be a violation of all the logic all we are trained in as engineers and assume the worst case, as ISO does, by the way. Must we cling to our calipers in one hand and our concept that we will someday actually produced that perfect feature at MMC in the other? (When I am asked by the shop to accept an oversize shaft is it more perfect, then?)
Anyway thanks, if you bothered to read this far, I guess I will get off my soapbox for now to give someone else a chance.
 
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Norm,

So what is the allowable form error of the feature in Fig. 6-2 identified as datum A as shown? I don't think this is as obvious as it seems.

Evan Janeshewski

Axymetrix Quality Engineering Inc.
 
Are we assuming from the sketch that the FOS portion of the feature is somewhat perfect?
This is always a good point that you are making Evan. The size tolerance of .3 controls form for the feature FOS, but that FOS ends when there are no longer opposing elelments. So the question remains; What is the form error tolerance on the rest of the feature? And thus an ambiguity.

It is my contention however, but not "clear" in the standard that I know of, that the feature of size is made up of two related features and the form error continues to extend throughout a feature "unless otherwise specified". So, IMHO, a form error of anything greater than .3 is to be rejected. But then again, how often would this detail be inspected? My guess is not much.

Norm Crawford
GDTP-S
Applied Geometrics, Inc.
 
Norm:

Rule #1, form error, is rarely checked at all so hanging one's hat that every feature of size will be checked for form may not happen.

Review any layout report since all dimensions are numbered. Is the shape of the feature of size numbered separately or included in the local size? Is it really checked at all???

I don't believe that many shop floor people know rule #1 involving the shape. They all understand about the local sizes must meet the requirement though. Even after a seminar, just ask the participants what rule #1 means and you may see some blank stares. They may explain flatness or circular runout but rule #1 - not many answer that one correctly.

Dave D.
 
Norm,

You said that "the FOS ends when there are no longer opposing elements" and wondered "what is the form error tolerance on the rest of the feature". I had never thought if splitting the feature up that way. But what is the "form error tolerance" for the FOS part in the first place?

The way that Section 2.7 of Y14.5 is worded, it would be easy to conclude that there are implied form tolerances that go along with a size tolerance. For example, if I have a size tolerance of 0.3 on a width feature, then there would be an implied flatness tolerance of 0.3 on both surfaces. This is wrong! That's not how it works!

The control of form variation isn't an implied condition, it's an indirect consequence of conformance to the size tolerance with Rule #1 applied. If a feature conforms to both the Rule #1 boundary and the actual local size requirement, then there is a limit to how much form error the feature could have. This is illustrated in Fig. 2-6, laying out worst-case scenarios for taper and bending of a cylinder. Note that the feature is "well-behaved", in that there are no unopposed elements.

Many GD&T textbooks use similar figures and develop the rule of thumb that a size tolerance of .XXX controls all of the feature's applicable form characteristics within .XXX. So a size tolerance of .XXX on a cylindrical pin gives me cylindricity, circularity, and straightness within .XXX as well. Hooray for Rule #1! Take that, ISO! You know the story.

This rule of thumb is very useful, but what is often lost is that it only works where the feature's elements are opposed. If we have a size tolerance on a feature that has unopposed elements, then all bets are off! The form of the unopposed section is not controlled. This is why we run into so much trouble when size tolerances are applied to partly-opposed width features (and partial cylinders, as well).

I agree that the form of the feature is rarely checked when there is only a size tolerance on the feature. That's because the "form tolerance" is not a requirement, and it's not supposed to be checked! They're supposed to check the Rule #1 boundary requirement and the local sizes, that's it. If these both pass and the form is still bad, it's not the inspector's fault.

Evan Janeshewski

Axymetrix Quality Engineering Inc.
 
dingy2,
"Rule #1, form error, is rarely checked at all..."
I agree with that from my observations over 30 years. This is exactly why I do not find the ISO's position on not assuming rule #1 to be heresy, beside the fact; it seems inconsistent with other engineering philosophy/logic (assume the worst case).
 
FSincox:

I agree with the ISO position and I tell all the Designers that attend my GD&T seminars to place the requirement in a FCF if there is a need otherwise do not expect the Rule #1 relating to form will be checked.



Dave D.
 
Dave,

How would the Rule #1 requirement be placed in a FCF? There might just be a size tolerance on its own. Or would you have a note invoking the envelope principle, even though it is the default? Or do you mean to specify a form tolerance (such as cylindricity) for the feature?

Evan Janeshewski

Axymetrix Quality Engineering Inc.
 
Regarding the last two posts:

Why have so little faith in Rule #1? It's a rule, and if the actual local size and the actual mating envelope are not being checked, then the inspector is not doing his job per the ASME standard!

What you guys are saying seems to mandate that we put a straightness of zero at MMC on every feature of size that is a diameter (this is how Rule #1 is invoked if you don't think it's implied).

It would also seem to mandate a flatness tolerance of zero at MMC (if using 2009 standard) on every plate thickness, etc. That's being redundant with the whole notion of Rule #1.



John-Paul Belanger
Certified Sr. GD&T Professional
 
My argument is not that the envelope principle is inherently bad. I feel it is mostly ignored as Dave has stated above. If it is being ignored, we don't really have it anyway, In my view. With 2009 we have the circle "I" to exempt, like "they" have the circle "E" to invoke.
 
John-Paul and Evan:

Yes, I would invoke straightness of zero beyond MMC on certain features of size if there is a functional requirement. I would not put this on all features though. In this way, the FCF would end up with a dimensional number and it will be confirmed - absolutely!! A checking fixture of the MMC size must either go into the hole or over the pin.

Do you both feel that form is automatically checked on all features of size on the shop floor?? How about you Evan? Did you check all forms using the CMM when confirming a feature of size assuming that you probably were using a CMM before you were accredited in GD&T?

What about programmes on a CMM. Do the programmes force one to check the form in addition to the average size?

Dave D.
 
It may be true that the envelope is not always being measured on the shop floor. So what? Let's educate the shop floor to do what the drawing requires, rather than adding FCFs that are redundant with what the drawing already requires per the standard.

If we started modifying the GD&T language because some folks aren't fluent in it, the drawings would be a mess.

To start putting straightness of zero at MMC on everything is redundant with what a simple diameter tolerance is already communicating. Plus, it might get people thinking that diameters without this FCF do not require an envelope check. That assumption would be in violation of Y14.5.

Fsincox mentioned the "I" symbol. Good point: that should be put on any diameter or thickness that really doesn't need to be held to an envelope (assuming that it's not already exempt from Rule #1, such as free state or stock size).


John-Paul Belanger
Certified Sr. GD&T Professional
 
Evan, I haven't looked at the old CSA standard for at least 8 years. Sorry. Not adequately up on ISO either.

From some of the most recent posts (I quickly scanned, so hopefully I got it right), it seems that there is a common belief that just because a feature has a tolerance or control on it, it is implicitly expected to be inspected. WHAT? So, if you don't think Rule #1 is used, you put a form control on the feature equal to what you'd have per Rule #1 anyway, and THAT means they have to inspect it??? Please, anybody, enlighten me as to where in the standard that is indicated? Personally, I favor a separate inspection protocol, but will go along with putting an inspection symbol for specific features as needed.

If I'm mistaken about the posts, sorry ... I'm really tired tonight.

Jim Sykes, P.Eng, GDTP-S
Profile Services TecEase, Inc.
 
The common reason that Rule#1 is not checked is because it is often envoked on features that are not actually functioning as features of size; typically because someone uses a +/- linear dimension where one really should not be used. So, during the measurement plan or some sort of risk managment, even sub-concious sometimes, the rule is not checked. And so companies or persons feel there simply is no problem. Yah right!
But when a feature truly acts like a feature of size the rule should most certainly be checked unless an exception is written. And if an exception is written, including the knew "I" symbol, other form controls need to be in place.
The fundamental rule of all characteristics of a feature must be controlled and so that there is not more than one interpretation. What is so difficult about this?
All the work arounds and persoanl practices or exeptions to the standard is what makes GD&T seem so confusing to those who do not take proper training and depend on folklore.
After having this same discussion a million times, I get to my common question; "Are we looking for solutions or just in love with our problems?"

Norm Crawford
GDTP-S
Applied Geometrics, Inc.
 
I said that features of size are not usually checked for form and most seemed to get a bit twisted on the thought.

Holes usually have their form control using positional and some feel that every hole should have positional whether or not the respective hole has a functional purpose. Holes may not be an issue.

Let's use a hypothetical example of a shaft with a length, diameter and with the "complies with ASME Y14.5M-94" in notes. Is the diameter form checked automatically? I don't think so. If we added a straightness with a 0 beyond MMC, it would be covered although theorists would state it is redundant. This is the safest way of covering the form.

Let's say that we do not have the additional FCF and, somehow the form is checked. How would one know whether the form is the problem or the local diameter??

I have an example of a OD that is 10 +/- 0.25 mm. The local size measured with a micrometer is 9.8 - 9.9. The form has a diameter of 10.35 since the feature is not straight. Should it be separated into diameter and form or just a stated actual diameter up to 10.35 - non conforming. If we report only the 10.35 mm, the information will lead to making the OD smaller in tooling.

How should one report form with respect to Rule #1 right now on the shop floor?



Dave D.
 
Position does not control form.

Yes, the unrelated actual mating envelope of the shaft should be checked.

I don't know what 0 beyond MMC means or how it is stated.
I assume the example is intended to be derive median line straightness and not surface straightness.

Both form and size needs to be checked and you would report on both.

Norm Crawford
GDTP-S
Applied Geometrics, Inc.
 
Dave, what makes you think that a hole's form is controlled by position??

Also, regarding the simple shaft example, you asked "Is the diameter form checked automatically?"

Yes -- that's exactly what Rule #1 says! If an inspector merely uses a micrometer to check the diameter, he has not done his job correctly. He must also use a go gage over the full length of the shaft to verify the envelope (or a CMM can do it of course). Only then can he put a check mark in the column for diameter being met satisfactorily.

Your example of a form error of 10.35 (due to a slight bow) causes the part to immediately be rejected because 10.35 > 10.25, which is the maximum diameter allowed. You can't think of the word "diameter" as just cross-sectional diameter.

John-Paul Belanger
Certified Sr. GD&T Professional
 
Please guys, The envelope principle is in ANSI now and I don't advocate restating it in some other form to further confuse the issue as MechNorth points out it only would. You are correct education is our only option, now. I applaud you who continue the good fight.
I, myself, am interested in learning more about the ISO's differences and why they are, where the issues are not just political.
From my observations ISO implied tolerances are generally greater, they grow as parts grow. Envelope is not assumed unless needed. They have a statement as to general tolerances that explains it as a logical approach. The implied geometric tolerances probably take a while to get used to and maybe they get ignored like our envelope does.
I have stated in this forum before that I am not a big fan of +/-.010 and +/-.03 at all. For all but small parts and as a general tolerancing principle, I believe, it is not realistic and I do not like to round .625 to .62 just because I want a larger tolerance. In our NC/CAD driven world I must actually redraw it to .62, it is just stupid a complete waste of time.
When I was first trained in the standard in 1987 I was elated. No more of this, we will use profile, well thirty years later the standard committee is there in their 2009 version’s statement that implied tolerances are mostly only suitable for features of size. Most of you in this forum seem to be almost there, but the engineering world, I see and work in, is FAR behind.
We are in a global competition and clinging to our old methods is killing us. The rest of the world takes our ideas and sometimes improves on them. We need to work smarter so we don’t have to work harder. GD&T is a tool to do just that.
Happy Thanksgiving, by the way.
 
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