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Generator Field Failure. 2

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aolalde

Electrical
Dec 16, 2003
1,022
We have four Synchronous Generators Diesel Engine driven and a Static Reactive Power Module 20 MVAR, all synchronized to the utility power line. The four generators are identical size and manufacturer; 15 MVA, 12 MW, 400 RPM, 13.2 kV. 60 HZ, field Voltage 267 VDC, and current 231 DCA. The generators are brushless excited, with a rotating 6 diode rectifier and AC 59 kW, 26.7 HZ, 3-phase armature. The main rotor field has 18 poles one circuit series, the rotor outside diameter is 10.5 Foot.

The four generators under normal conditions provide 10.5 MW and 6 MVAR each one.( Very conservative load).
After 7 years in service, generator #1 failed. We found 3 of the 17 rotor field series jumpers fused.
Three poles were re-wounded, the jumpers were replaced and the unit reconnected in line. It last 2 days and the very same type of failure developed in the field connections again.
This time all 18 poles were rewound and all field connections replaced. The unit ran five days and developed the very same type of failure. Four jumpers making the interpole connection were totally melted and six pole windings were grounded. This time one pole shoe had five amortisseur winding bars totally fractured, each pole shoe has 12 bars. The rotor paint shows signs of overheating.
The stator winding does not shows signs of any damage and it test OK, insulation resistance, PI and comparison surge test.The rotor failure has been similar but involving different random poles.
The electric records during the days in operation show, that this generator #1 was generating an average of 10.5 MW but only around 3.9 MVAR and for the last 1.5 hours it worked as induction generator, taking reactive power from the line bus.
Questions:
1- Has somebody experienced a similar problem?
2- Why the series connections are melted but not the pole windings?
3- In theory when one jumper in the series connection melts, the field circuit is opened, what feeds the current to melt three more jumpers?
Any comments will be appreciated.
 
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You could also refer IEEE 492-1999 (Guide for Operating and Maintenenance Hydro-Generators) clause 7.65 (Unsual Operating conditions - Loss of field excitation)for damages to salient pole windings like your DG's.
 
I have no experience and no good idea.

If I focus on your question #2 and #3 and the fact the machine was operating vars-in before failure.... I am remembering that for our generator one of our limits from underexcited operation arises from "stator core end iron heating due to fringing axial flux"

I am not sure exactly what that means (I'm hopeing you guys are more familiar with it than me) but it might suggest in this mode (underexcited) there is abnormal flux at the ends of the machines which could perhaps result in abnormal heating of the jumpers and not the windings... and a little further out if the jumpers are large the heating effect may be eddy type heating which doesn't require a current loop outside the jumper?

Just a s.w.a.g. and probably off-base (you guys feel free to shoot it down).

Looking outside the rotor for what cause might be in common to multiple failures - you mentioned you have checked the stator - have you also checked the exciter?

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The above link is a photo of page 194 of "Power System Stability and Control" by Kundur 1994 which describes end region heating of syncronous machines during underexcited conditions.

Once the first jumper opens or the rotor circuit is opened for any reason, the machine would become severely underexcited and perhaps end region heating causes the remaining rotor pole jumper damage?

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"The electric records during the days in operation show, that this generator #1 was generating an average of 10.5 MW but only around 3.9 MVAR and for the last 1.5 hours it worked as induction generator, taking reactive power from the line bus."

I assume this was because of loss of the field. Shouldn't there be some kind of trip upon loss of field?

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Thank you Guys for comments.

Edison123: I do not know if these could be considered wound on edge field coils, I guess it is. The whole pole is bolted to the rotor rim and the coil is removed from the pole body. The coils are wound on molds; it has a single layer with 86 turns of flat copper 1.771in (45 mm) x 0.078 in (2 mm). The turns are flat, with the flat face (45 mm) perpendicular to the pole body. After insulated and cured it is assembled and wedged and the pole bolted to the rim.

Electricpete: I have the same opinion, a loss of field relay should protect the generators, but actually we do not have any similar protection.
 
I'm mainly mechinical but I've seen where operating a generator with no excitation caused what was explained to me as surface currents. since this rotor was not designed for surface current, there was severe arcing acrross the rotor slots that held the copper coils. Thus I would be on the same side as electricpete's swag of reduced excitation(untill a genrator specilist explains different)
 
That's different than what I was saying but some of it makes sense to me (more sense than what I said before).

The rotor is designed for syncronous operation with no relative motion between rotor and the field so not much driving force to create eddy currents.

When acting as an induction generator there is slip between rotor and the field which can create eddy currents. Can it operate there in steady state without overheating?

But why would it tend to heat the copper and not the steel. If I remember right, steel melts around 2000F and copper doens't melt until 3000F. So if this were true there would have to be some reason the copper has much more heating. Copper has lower resistance which favors more heating. Large pieces close to airgap might be more subject to heating than small pieces further away but I have a feeling there are big chunks of steel on the rotor in addition to laminations. Why wouldn't they melt as well?

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One last thought - focusing on the question how could multiple copper jumpers melt if all in series it seems like there are only two possible scenario's: 1 - very high current for short period of time or 2 - some kind of eddy heating like we talked about above.

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Electricpete; I appreciate your interest in helping.

If you can read what Edison123 suggested”IEEE 492-1999 Operating conditions - Loss of field excitation” , you will find interesting concepts. BTW copper melts at 1083°C (1981.4 F) and steel at 1480°C (2696F)
 
hi aolalde,

I was talking with other engineer about your problem,If the rotating fields are connected straight series (no parallel paths), it could be the discharge resistor is open, then the rotor windings are being spiked with the very high generated voltages during starting. ¿ how that could damage the jumpers so though? Usually, the high voltage causes turn-to-turn shorts,or even ground failure in the rotating poles.
The exciter has been rewound too? If so, the connection may be incorrect, causing a change in the output frequency. equency is much higher than 60 Hz.

Regards

PETRONILA
 
Hi Petronila thanks for your comments.
This application is a generator, the diesel motor accelerates to full speed, the field is applied and when the voltage window is close to match the line phases it is synchronized. There should be a transient while synchronizing but the other 3 generators are working under the very same conditions.
The exciter has not been repaired; the six rectifying diodes test OK. I am recommending replacement of the exciter and diodes since from the beginning this generator produced less KVAR than the other 3 (3.9 MVAR as compared to 6 MVAR on those working OK).
 
Petronila,

This gen has brushless excitation. So no field discharge resistor.
 
Hello aolalde,
I THINK THIS FAILURE IS VERY INTERESTING AND I WAS TALKING WITH AN EXPERT:

When One Jumper is Open then no current flow by the others,should not be damaged.The melted jumpers could be damaged by Induced voltages during Starting. To avoid this The Slip Rings would have a discharge resistor in order to bleed off the excess induced voltage during starting, In a Self- Excited unit there is normally potted assembly on the end of the rotor shaft or near the Diodes, This is called for manufacturers a "Synch-Pack" or similar name, for this will be good a carefully looking at the circuit ROTOR-DIODES for some evidence to indicate this.Another important think is the damaged amortisseur, that indicates the unit was motorized or put on line Out of Synch. If you can find the "Synch-Pack" and it is damaged this could be the failure.

Regards

PETRONILA
 
Petronella,

There is usually a shorting thyristor parallel to the diode pack. It is controlled by the induced voltage in the rotor winding and as long as that voltage is above a set limit it will short out the diodes so that starting is essentially with a short-circuited rotor. A resistor would not be sufficient during start. And if you make it enough low resistance to really help, you will have a lot of losses in it during operation - if not disconnected by the thyristor. Most (all) generators have no resistors in the rotor circuit.

Gunnar Englund
 
Hi skogs,

On big machines it is common to find a field discharge or dump resistor which is connected across the field sliprings as the main field contactor opens. it has to be a make-before-break action, otherwise the arcing makes for a hell of a firework show (and lots of repair work).

aolalde,

Does the rotor forging show severe burning around the areas where the ground faults occurred? I'm trying to picture the likely path of the current which melted the jumpers. I will continue to ponder this.


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But with my luck, I'll be at the airport!
 
Scotty - no slip rings in a brushless machine.

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Sometimes I only open my mouth to swap feet...



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One day my ship will come in.
But with my luck, I'll be at the airport!
 
The only time I have seen the field coils of a generator electrically damaged is when the unit was subjected to large amount of reactive VARS. Also when units are parrelled, I believe that the manner to share VARS between them is by adjusting the field excitation between the various units. KW is controlled by the throttle setting of the prime mover.
 
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