MJCronin,
Thank you for your answer. I am the author of one of the articles you mentioned. Unfortunately, my question is a more complex. I want to find the real engineering practice for determining of temperatures Ttop and Tbottom. Maybe there's some recommended practice, articles, books that can explain it for LNG? All the information that I've found already over literature and internet doesn't answer this question
For example we have a horizontal pipe with the ambient temperature. And the liquid gas with a temperature Tgas flow inside very quickly.
At the first moment of time Ttop=ambient, Tbottom=ambient-x1. Thermal gradient is Ttop-Tbottom=x1
After some time pass we will have Ttop=ambient-xt(t), Tbottom=ambient-xb(t). Thermal gradient is Ttop-Tbottom=xb(t)-xt(t)
After a long time time we will have Ttop=Tgas, Tbottom=Tgas. Thermal gradient is zero
The question is how to determine the xb(t)-xt(t). Thermal gradient will be zero before gas flow in. And it will be zero when the pipe cross section will be cooled uniformly.
At the certain moment of time Tmax, the thermal gradient will be maximum xb(Tmax)-xt(Tmax).
So my question is the literature or common practice how to deal with it. I understand, that we can perform the thermal transient analysis in ANSYS or similar software. But maybe there is a more simple way to do it?
And the other question is about pipe slope. How does it influence on the thermal gradient value?
If the slope lower than 0.0001 we consider the thermal bowing. What if the slope is 0.01?
Is there a people who has the experience or know the right books, articles?
I'm the PASS/START-PROF Pipe Stress Analysis Software Developer
