Instruments that use an x-ray tube operate like and SEM's EDS detector and typically cannot measure elements at or below Silicon in the periodic table. I have seen product literature on new designs that attempt to go lower in the periodic table but have no experience with these, although the science and engineering is sound. My current unit is one of the ones that cannot measure carbon, phosphorus, silicon, etc.
There are other devices that use a spark and optical emission spectrograph rather than x-rays and x-ray fluorescence and can measure carbon, etc. I have one of these also, but it is not what I would consider portable.