Retaining wall Reinforcement 1

[humanengr]

The vertical tension rebar in a retaining wall typically is anchored in the footing by
having the rebar / dowel turn into the toe of the footing at or just above the bottom footing reinforcement (not turned into the heel).
Can someone please provide an explanation of why it must be "turned" into the toe?
Furthermore, does this rebar need to be developed beyond the inside (compression) face of the wall?

 

[Lomarandil]

Enjoy:

Deep Dive into Moment Joints

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just call me Lo.

 

[BridgeSmith]

I don't think it necessarily has to be turned into the toe, but it is usually more efficient to do so. The hook development length generally dictates that the dowel is hooked in the bottom of the footing, which is also the tension face of the toe, so bending it into the toe allows the hooked dowel to provide the tension reinforcement for the toe, as well as the the tension reinforcement for the bottom of the stem wall.

Rod Smith, P.E., The artist formerly known as HotRod10