The fundamental known forces are Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Weak nuclear an strong nuclear.
“In the span of 100 years, from Dalton to Rutherford, the basic ideas of atomic structure evolved from very primitive concepts of how atoms combined with one another to an understanding of the constituents of atoms—a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The interactions between the nucleus and the electrons still required study. It was natural for physicists to model the atom, in which tiny electrons orbit a much more massive nucleus, after a familiar structure such as the solar system, in which planets orbit around a much more massive Sun. Rutherford’s model of the atom did indeed resemble a tiny solar system. The only difference between early models of the nuclear atom and the solar system was that atoms were held together by electromagnetic force, while gravitational force holds together the solar system.”
As Gerard ’t Hooft says is the Universe inside the Atom?
“Once upon a time there was a point, and the point exploded, and that gave the beginning of the entire universe. The beginning is very difficult for the scientists to figure out, but the first real picture was taken hundreds of thousands of years later. You can see here a completely homogeneous picture of the universe with microwave light. You have to enhance the contrast by a factor of a million to get these blotches of color, which became galaxies. A few billion years later you get this picture from Hubble, of young galaxies only a billion or so years old.
This universe is striking because it is controlled by the laws of physics.These seem to be the same everywhere else in the universe as far as we know it. That is a very striking thing.
Planets move in basically elliptical orbit around a central mass, like the sun if it’s heavier.
They move faster close to the sun and a little slower further away.
Another important characteristic of the universe is that it is empty. There’s a lot of space between the stars and planets. I want to say that inside the atom there is a similar universe.
There is a central unit called the nucleus with electrons moving around it in elliptical orbits.
The forces acting on the electron, you might thing, are just like those acting on planets, but the laws of dynamics for these electrons are quite a bit more complicated.
The actual way in which electrons move is dictated by quantum mechanics, which are probabilistic and difficult to control. A better picture would make these look like they’re out of control. But a closer look says that there are points where these never come and others where they come quite often. By having electrons come more often one place than another you get certain effects, which we call the laws of chemistry. But this is still a very poor model, the real laws of quantum mechanics are much more complex.
Interesting as the universe is, I want to concentrate on the nucleus at the center. If you look at the atom, the atom is much emptier than the universe electrons are maybe an angstrom from the nucleus, but the nucleus is a hundred thousandth this distance in diameter, compared to a hundredth factor in the solar system.
So I want to focus on the nucleus, made up of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. A thing I’ll say much more about later, each is made up of three subunits, called quarks, and the study of these quarks has become a very important subject in the latter half of the twentieth century and continuing to today.”
My question: Can we assume that fundamental known forces work together as a complex system? In other words any kind of matter is submitted to all fundamental forces at the same time?
![[atom]](/data/assets/smilies/atom.gif "[atom] [atom]")
“In the span of 100 years, from Dalton to Rutherford, the basic ideas of atomic structure evolved from very primitive concepts of how atoms combined with one another to an understanding of the constituents of atoms—a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The interactions between the nucleus and the electrons still required study. It was natural for physicists to model the atom, in which tiny electrons orbit a much more massive nucleus, after a familiar structure such as the solar system, in which planets orbit around a much more massive Sun. Rutherford’s model of the atom did indeed resemble a tiny solar system. The only difference between early models of the nuclear atom and the solar system was that atoms were held together by electromagnetic force, while gravitational force holds together the solar system.”
As Gerard ’t Hooft says is the Universe inside the Atom?
“Once upon a time there was a point, and the point exploded, and that gave the beginning of the entire universe. The beginning is very difficult for the scientists to figure out, but the first real picture was taken hundreds of thousands of years later. You can see here a completely homogeneous picture of the universe with microwave light. You have to enhance the contrast by a factor of a million to get these blotches of color, which became galaxies. A few billion years later you get this picture from Hubble, of young galaxies only a billion or so years old.
This universe is striking because it is controlled by the laws of physics.These seem to be the same everywhere else in the universe as far as we know it. That is a very striking thing.
Planets move in basically elliptical orbit around a central mass, like the sun if it’s heavier.
They move faster close to the sun and a little slower further away.
Another important characteristic of the universe is that it is empty. There’s a lot of space between the stars and planets. I want to say that inside the atom there is a similar universe.
There is a central unit called the nucleus with electrons moving around it in elliptical orbits.
The forces acting on the electron, you might thing, are just like those acting on planets, but the laws of dynamics for these electrons are quite a bit more complicated.
The actual way in which electrons move is dictated by quantum mechanics, which are probabilistic and difficult to control. A better picture would make these look like they’re out of control. But a closer look says that there are points where these never come and others where they come quite often. By having electrons come more often one place than another you get certain effects, which we call the laws of chemistry. But this is still a very poor model, the real laws of quantum mechanics are much more complex.
Interesting as the universe is, I want to concentrate on the nucleus at the center. If you look at the atom, the atom is much emptier than the universe electrons are maybe an angstrom from the nucleus, but the nucleus is a hundred thousandth this distance in diameter, compared to a hundredth factor in the solar system.
So I want to focus on the nucleus, made up of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. A thing I’ll say much more about later, each is made up of three subunits, called quarks, and the study of these quarks has become a very important subject in the latter half of the twentieth century and continuing to today.”
My question: Can we assume that fundamental known forces work together as a complex system? In other words any kind of matter is submitted to all fundamental forces at the same time?
