There are NO 'default' Layer Categories 'stored' by the system. The recommended way that you can have this sort of behavior is to use Template files and in these files define your desired Categories (as well as a ton of other things which you can pre-define and set up is you use Template Files).
Now as an alternative, particularly if you already have a bunch of existing part files that you wish to define a bunch of Layer Categories in, is to open a new but empty part file, define all of the Layer Categories that you wish to assign to other part files and save this sort of 'pseudo-template' file. Now open the file which you wish to add your 'pre-defined' Categories to and go to...
File -> Import -> Part...
...and accept the defaults and when asked select the 'pseudo-template' file (which you just created and saved) and hit OK. Now the Layer Categories 'stored' in the 'pseudo-template' file have been copied over and assigned to your current active part file.
John R. Baker, P.E.
Product 'Evangelist'
Product Design Solutions
Siemens PLM Software Inc.
Cypress, CA
Some of the template parts out of the box have layer categories set in them. You can set up your own template parts to your site layering standard to achieve the desired results for both your modelling and drawing templates and any others you may be able to thing of. Also for existing parts preferably with no categories set importing an empty part with layer categories set will import those category settings into your working file.
