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This may be a pretty basic question, but I've come across fan curves with the units of 'mm VS' and it's not particularly clear what this is. mm of water? VS - is this a combination of Velocity and Static heads? Thanks

Good point bimr. So, if we managed to configure a vertical section and aim at the centre, it should be pretty close to representative. I suppose my real question is, does the velocity of the sample stream relative to the main stream make a significant difference to the sample accuracy. It...

Ladies & Gents, I'm currently working on a system for removing the sand from water. The pipes are all flowing fully flooded with a small gradient. When looking at sampling the stream, all the references talk about isokinetic sampling being required for gas streams with no reference to it...

We have a scenario where a 2 metre section of 3" pipework (call it 80mm ID) is pressurised up to 150 barg with water. If a quarter-turn ball valve is quickly opened (assume that it 0.25 seconds to fully open) then what is the maximum velocity that the water can attain in the downstream 3"...

we're looking at temperature build-up in a pump minimum flow recycle loop and I've been reliably informed that the temperature of water will increase when water is depressurised i.e. when letting water pressure down from 100 bar to 30 bar the temperature could increase by 1 degC (I've used...

Oh, how could I have forgotten The Petroleum Engineer's Handbook (from SPE)? I believe that this book has now been split into several discrete sections that can be purchased separately, but it's certainly worthwhile. If you get these references electronically then they can be easily carried...

Personally, if I were going offshore to work I'd take the following books: - GPSA Engineering Data Book - Campbell's Gas Conditioning & Processing Volume 1 (The Basic Principles) - Campbell's Gas Conditioning & Processing Volume 2 (The Equipment Modules). - Trouvay & Cauvin's Piping Equipment...

Generally I have seen erosion at the orifice plate on the reject (or concentrate) stream. As this plate erodes you'll find the quality of separation dropping and the pressure drop controller will be working harder to maintain the require dP ratio across the unit. I'm sure that there are...

Some additional points, A water seal has to be sized very carefully as you don't want it to cause surges or puffing in the flare system. Also you have to ensure that the water doesn't freeze at low temperatures (either ambient or blowdown) so you have to provide either a low freezing temp...

On many occasions I have seen tank datasheets stating Total Volume and Maximum Operating Volume. The ullage is generally taken as the difference between these two values (as the other contributors have stated). As far as I know there is no set requirement for the volume of ullage. Some...

I haven't come across a standard relating to isolation around a bridge. I agree with you about the evaluating each case individually on the risks. A good HAZOP and risk analysis should provide you with the answers you require. There are lots of bridge linked platforms around the world to...

One firm also claims that these units improve fuel efficiency on cars, boilers and other fired heaters. Yet they could not explain how a magnet could effect a non-polar substance such as the hydrocarbon stream. I fully agree with all of the above - snakeoil.

I agree with TD2K, I would use gravity separation in this case. Since the two fluids separate easily I don't see a problem with this. You may want to enhance the separation using an electrostatic coalescer (if one of the compounds is polar), but at that flowrate it really is not that viable...

Hi Pete, 25362 sets you on the right lines by directing you to Perry's. From the info you have given I'd think closely about hydrocyclones, though the delivery pressure will be a crucial factor, as will the extent of mixing between the two fluids. You'll need to ask yourself the following...

Some of the data you require for these calculations are: - average molecular weight of purge gas - whether or not any "seals" are present in the system i.e. molecular seal, liquid seal or velocity seal. - Size of the flare header - presence of hydrogen (that changes everything as the...

I e-mailed GPSA with the concern relating to the error in the formulae and they replied (through JM Campbell & Co.) as follows: looking at your attachment, you've made a mistake with the equation (Intermediate Law terminal velocity). In the denominator, the "g" is not gravity but the...

A point that was raised in thread135-69800 has uncovered the following free webbook on heat transfer http://www.wlv.com/products/databook/ I am sure that it will be useful.

The above recommendations are both very good. A free, webbook can be found on http://www.wlv.com/products/databook/databook.pdf As ever, this should not be used in isolation. Regards Nosey

I should also have mentioned the following resource within this fine website. Membrane engineering Forum (forum136)

Also try http://www.watertreatmentguide.com/ http://www.membranes.com/ http://www.eawater.com/html/drh2o/ro.htm Regards Nosey