Like for any pipe wall thickness calculation, the codes require to consider the various stresses the pipe will be subject to during transportation, installation and operation (some also include decommissioning).
You can use GRE pipe manufacturer tables to select the usable thickness...
EN 378-2 defines up to 3 methods to perform the pressure resistance test. Each method has a different test pressure: 1.43x or 3x or 2x service pressure.
For the pressure limit devices (safety relief valves), the device has to be set below or equal to 1x service pressure, and open at a pressure...
Why do they need to cool the air that much?
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Dear experts,
We have produced slender anodes and the project is on hold until further notice, so we have to store these anodes outdoor because nobody wants to pay for indoor storage.
The project still wants to keep these anodes and everybody is wondering how we can use them in a couple of...
If this is an API flange, likely to API 6A, weld repairs would only be allowed on weld fabricated ones.
In your description this is not an acceptable weld repair, but should be considered a weld overlay to recharge the thickness of the flange face.
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This pipe must be manufactured to a standard (API 5L, ISO 3183, DNV-GL, GOST, etc).
The dimensional tolerances are defined in this standard.
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If it's a backup for an existing pipeline, it was aimed to stay clean (was it sealed properly?) and undamaged for the same lifetime as the main pipeline.
Avoiding any inspection, even basic visual, before putting it into service is looking for troubles.
Is there access from both ends? If so...
I wouldn't worry about weld metal because weld consumables are over alloyed and result in enhanced properties.
However the HAZ being a mix of both and will be weaker.
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As the standard highlights, it's highly chemistry dependent. Could you please post the ladle analyse of the plate?
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It's almost zero because the pipe schedule will include some sacrificial allowance.
In caustic environment (pH > 8) carbon steel will passivate by creating a stable oxide. More stable than in acidic environment.
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First stop using acronyms you don't define : HP = Heat Pump = High Pressure?
In your case of high pressure switch set at 40 bar to switch off the heat pump, the safety pressure relief valve is set just above it to discharge over pressure and prevent catastrophic failure of the pump circuit...
Understand first the basics here http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/hvac-control-systems-and-building.html?m=1
Then you can decide which specific system you want to learn more about.
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If it doesn't happen on all units of the same domestic hot water system, what differ between these units?
Their location in the system? Floor level? Temperature regime? Installation period? Usage?
All these materials are fairly compatible to each other in domestic systems. So what is the...
Apply phenolic epoxy layer properly under the insulation and it will provide also a long term primer protection.
Leaving metallic surfaces bare under non adhesive insulation is looking for corrosion troubles (but some people like it because this is obsolescence and this is their business...
The weld metal used will be slightly different (more noble due to additional alloys) from the plate and rebar steel materials.
However once embedded into concrete, water ingress is difficult (unless the concrete is porous, i.e. badly made and poured). Also the anode to cathode ratio is at the...
You can predict this risk of condensation considering indoor/outdoir conditions with a software like BuildDesk U.
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The IT helpdesk recommended Archos tablet.
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Natural and weatherproof. Easy and simple, always.
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To obtain the same silver finish as painting, you will need multiple passes of blasting (grit/shot various mixes).
So the overall cost would not be much different!
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