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Bore differences in any butt weld will interfere with radiographic inspection of the weld joint. But in this case, a visual inspection of the weld root should be possible. Will that be enough? Most of the time when butt welding one schedule of pipe to another, whether the "pipe" was a pipe...

Owning your own building can be smart, but doesn't affect the multiplier. The owner of the building has capital tied up in it and must expect a return on that investment beyond the future real estate sale value. The building itself depreciates etc. These are real costs, which have to be paid...

Any place which would get you into any kind of meaningful trouble over something so minor is NOT a good place to work. Take the hint and move on. (www.spitfireresearch.com)

Storage solutions require decent cycle efficiency, and any process involving a) melt electrolysis AND b) hydrogen is going to score poorly on that basis. If you're going to store up aluminum in large quantity as an emergency energy store, at least have the sense to use it in a primary battery...

TugboatEng: you said: " moltenmetal, you have a financial connection to AGW. You must understand why some may find it problematic that you are trying to control the information that people share about AGW." THAT is your comment that I was replying to. You addressed it to me, specifically...

Thanks TugboatEng for reaffirming the reasons I don't participate in these discussions here. My opinion in relation to the factual basis for the reality of the risk of anthropogenic climate change is the REASON for my VERY RECENT focus on energy and decarbonization issues in my private...

I've just stopped engaging here on this topic as it has been over the years a source of endless frustration. There are too many people here who should know better and who simply will not change their position when presented with new data, who enjoy the argument too much and simply grind you...

Most forged and wrought material (fittings, flanges, pipe, tubing) are dual grade meaning that the material meets the carbon content of the L grade and the strength of the straight grade. The real risk is with welding consumables. The optical emission spectrometer is the thing that is used to...

This topic is well beyond the scope of something you're going to read in a textbook. Reaction engineering is only part of it, and you can't go wrong reading Levenspiel and his Omnibook. Beyond that, suggest seeking out some consulting expertise. (www.spitfireresearch.com)

Green hydrogen's highest merit order use is for replacing the BLACK hydrogen we depend on to keep living. 90 million tonnes of the stuff will be needed post decarbonization- 30 of the 120 million or so we use yearly will go away when we stop burning fossils as fuels, but the rest is important...

I refer you to Google. IRENA has a good report which is easily found, which explains how PEM and alkaline electrolyzers work. You need to buy a complete system. (www.spitfireresearch.com)

ironic_metallurgist: dunno. What I hear constantly are: 1) Nirvana fallacy arguments against EVs, intended to justify making NO CHANGE 2) People selling the notion that the only solution to decarbonization is some kind of new puritanism We DO need to move information instead of people, move...

Word. What do you want to know? (www.spitfireresearch.com)

As to not being able to partially load a wind turbine- that's just nonsense. They are variable pitch and can be feathered at will in less than a minute. (www.spitfireresearch.com)

As the article says, if you think you can afford nuclear, you should build it. Forget about small modular nuclear plants, the notion that they'll make cheaper kWh than big plants is just a willing suspension of engineering economics. (www.spitfireresearch.com)

Yes, you can do it. Plastic pipe is heat traced for freeze protection all the time. Yes, you must use self regulating heat trace- power limiting heat trace with a thermostat is not a solution. Yes, a metallic skin layer in the form of something like aluminum foil tape, applied to the plastic...

You've over-specified the problem and should not be surprised at the lack of solutions being presented. Here's one person's view of what the solutions might be. But they're predicated on the fact that we have an AGW problem to solve, and that solving it is both urgent and important enough to...

The impact of land use is over-estimated by the study that was posted. Ethanol production produced a new market for corn- what was the land use alternative being considered? That farmers would have produced NOTHING on those fields? Remember, we're talking about the US here- it's very doubtful...

Corn ethanol represents about a 50% reduction in GHG emissions relative to using pure fossil gasoline. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bbb.2225 If it were enabled by carbon taxes rather than by what amounts to agricultural subsidy, it would be far better still. Then they'd be...

The whole problem with retirement savings is not knowing how long you're going to be around! Ideally, my wife and I would like the last cheque we ever write to bounce due to insufficient funds, but neither of us wants to jump out the exit door from this life any sooner than circumstances...